Operation and Maintenance (O&M)

All parties must have a clear understanding of the requirements to keep new or rehabilitated sanitation facilities in a good state of repair and hygienically clean. For this reason, Sanitation for Millions offers a wide range of orientation and capacity building activities prior to and alongside any intervention. 

  • O&M plans (specifying daily, weekly, and annual activities) 

  • Explicit allocation of responsibilities 

  • Sufficient budget 

A training manual covering all aspects of operations and maintenance, from the planning stage to the everyday use of WASH facilities as well as routine maintenance of the technologies employed in institutional settings, proved to be very useful. 

Capacity Development

Developing the capacities of healthcare workers and decision takers to sustain WASH services and promote and practice good hygiene with a focus on IPC. Moreover, capacity building activities to ensure the sustainable operation and maintenance of the facilities are implemented. 

  • Contextualized trainings for staff of HCFs (Human care facilities)

  • Adapted training materials based on international approaches (WASH Fit) 

  • Commitment of management of HCFs to enable staff to participate in trainings and put learnings into practice  

Peer exchange creates room for implementers to learn from each other and supports the effectiveness of the capacity development measures. HCF internal monitoring helps that the learnings are put into practice (“what gets monitored gets done”)  

Infrastructure

Access to safe WASH facilities, such as toilets and handwashing facilities, as well as to hospital waste management facilities is crucial to uphold hygiene and IPC practices in HCFs. 

  • Resources 

  • Sound planning 

  • Proper operation and maintenance of the facilities 

  • Designs for barrier-free, female-friendly WASH facilities according to local and international standards 

  • The female friendly aspects include:

    - Privacy and comfort through the gender segregated toilets

    - Provision for a washroom/change room that has  a shower tray, disposal buckets,  soap and is also equipped with emergency menstrual hygiene consumables by the institutions

    - Incinerators to cater for proper disposal and management of used sanitary towels

The facilities must be appropriate, robust and easy to repair. They must be adapted to the local conditions, easy to use and easy be cleaned. If possible, selection of locations for the facilities should consider “special needs” of the users. 

Mitigation of human pressures on the park’s natural resources

Before 1990, the area around Bau Sau was under severe pressures from local communities in Dak Lua Commune. Local people often entered the park for harvesting timber, fishing, and hunting animals. Conflicts between locals and forest rangers occurred frequently and seriously (with death, and a ranger station was burnt in 1990).

After establishment, the park managers focused on law enforcement. Number of donor projects in this period helped improving local livelihoods through productive and effective farming, e.g. irrigation, increasing rice crops cultivation from twice to three times/year, high yielding maize. With consensus from local people, households living in the core zone were supported to relocate to the buffer zones. Forest protection contracts were signed with local households, forest protection teams were established in villages around the park. Illegal activities were sharply reduced. Relationship with local communities has been improved, pressures on natural resources has reduced, and the habitat quality has been enhanced.

Along with proactive habitat restoration measures, wild fauna populations recovered rapidly. In addition to the Siamese Crocodile population that was re-established in Bau Sau area, other populations of animals of conservation concerns such as Gaur, and Green Peafowl etc. are well maintained.

  • New protected area policies have helped solving many limitations in the previous period.
  • Appropriate conservation plans and strategies are in place.
  • There are sufficient resources (human, financial) provided through nationally and internationally funded projects.
  • Active participation of local communities in conservation work.
  • New awareness on biodiversity conservation regarding restoration of  wild native and threatened species.

The conservation achievements of Cat Tien National Park could have only be achieved when the participation of the community was mobilised. Good strategic plans and sufficient financial investment have helped local communities redirect livelihood activities to reduce pressures on natural resources, thereby creating conditions for the restoration and improvement of the park’s biodiversity values.

Reintroduction of a Siamese Crocodile population in Bau Sau lake, Cat Tien National Park

In 1998, site managers and scientists discussed the possibility of reintroducing a crocodile population at Bau Sau. This was because the lake was situated in the historical occupation range of the species, and at that time, the habitat quality had been improved and ready for a reintroduction program. Feasibility studies were carried out. The park also held discussions among experts, managers, and authorities at all levels to gain consensus on the program.

In 2000, with the support from international experts, purebred Siamese Crocodiles, which are believed to have provenance from Cat Tien area, were selected from a farm in Ho Chi Minh City, to training for restoring their natural behaviours. From 2001 to 2005, a total of 60 adults were released into Bau Sau. In September 2005, the first baby crocodiles were recorded.

Recent monitoring shows that the number of individuals is increasing, the distribution area is also expanding with records in some neighbouring lakes. As of 2019, monitoring data has recorded at least 286 individuals (including 228 juveniles). Up to now, it can be confirmed that freshwater crocodile populations have been successfully re-established in Cat Tien National Park. The number and structure of the recorded population ensures that this is a healthy and viable population.

  • Natural habitats of Crocodiles in Cat Tien National Park (Bau Sau and surrounding wetlands) are well protected and restored, prey populations are well maintained to facilitate the reintroduction.
  • Source of breeds in the crocodile farms meet requirements in terms of genetics and epidemiology.
  • There is enough scientific basis for a population reintroduction program.
  • Supports from governments and international community helped the National Park managers have enough determination in re-establishing a Siamese Crocodile population.

The success of re-establishment of a Siamese Crocodile population in Cat Tien National Park is the result of a joint effort of Vietnam and the international conservation community. This is a good lesson for future re-wilding efforts. Local political determination (local governments and site leaders) plays an important role in creating the necessary conditions for population re-establishment.

Important elements for this success include: i) available breeding stock for re-wilding, ii) safe habitats with sufficient prey sources, and iii) proper awareness on animal-human conflict for to ensure the compatible behaviours for long-term survival of the re-established population.

To date, the freshwater crocodile re-establishment programme at Bau Sau was recognized as the first successful crocodile reintroduction effort in the world, and it therefore can provide experience for other population re-establishment projects in future.

Ecosystem-based Adaptation and Climate-Smart Agricultural Measures

The five EbA/CSA measures were the fundamental building block that ensured the project's success.

 

They were selected because of their familiarity to, and suitability for, local people.

 

The measures helped project participants adapt their farming practices to climate change while improving and diversifying their livelihoods.

* Participatory intervention selection with farmers and expert staff

* Supportive local extension and rural-development agencies

* Frequent and regular support by expert staff and farmer-to-farmer approaches

* Familiarity with the intervention increases the likelihood of adoption

* Farmers preferred to modify their farming systems with the enhanced knowledge from the project rather than completely change all at once

Building capacity of local partners

Building capacity of local partners was an important part of the project to enable achievement of results.

 

Capacity was built through online training and informal discussions.

 

Without capable partners, no field activities would have been implemented during the COVID-19 travel restrictions.

* Capacity building of key local stakeholders included in project design

* Availability of smartphones, computers and network

* Expert trainers available and able to flexibly adapt to online training

* While most stakeholders prefer in-person capacity-building events, responses to the online training was extremely positivea and could be built into future projects to reduce costs and increase flexibility of delivery options

Partnerships with local partners

Partnerships with the provincial Taskforce, which oversaw the project's activities in general, and the provincial Agriculture Extension Center and Farmers’ Union helped achieve the expected results despite travel restrictions owing to COVID-19.

 

Partnerships with these local partners also led to the later integration of the project’s interventions into provincial partner’s programmes.

* Engagement with all levels of government in the province, specifically, at the project's sites, was critically important to establish the partnerships

* Endorsement of the project at national level was critical to ensure provincial and local buy-in

* Widespread availability of smartphones and access to network and desktop computers was vital to ensuring progress even during the pandemic's travel restrictions

* Building strong partnerships is a risk-reduction strategy, as shown during the pandemic wherein local partners were able to conduct many activities with guidance remotely by expert staff

 

Creating environmental awareness

Workshops were held to reinforce knowledge of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), biosphere reserve management, climate change, sustainability, watershed management and agroecology, among others.

Capacities were developed for the creation of programs that contribute to the biosphere reserve management processes through the transmission of environmental programs.

Among the communication pieces, scripts were created for podcasts, which addressed the topic of biosphere reserves and their relationship with the SDGs and climate change.

An example of this is the podcast by La Voz de Puca, entitled "Área protegida Refugio de vida silvestre Montaña de Puca", which mentions SDG6 and how the mountain is a producer of water.

Radio Taragual created the slogan "Let's return to our roots so as not to destroy our common home", which was created after reflecting on the impacts of climate change and deforestation.

Radio Tenán produced informative capsules on UNESCO's MaB Program for the declaration of biosphere reserve territories, highlighting the four reserves in Honduras.

In order to sensitize the audience of each community radio station, it was first necessary to organize environmental education workshops with the teams of communicators from the three stations.

They were trained in the SDGs, with emphasis on those linked to the reserve, such as SDG6, SDG12, SDG13 and SDG15.

Radio productions included informative capsules, radio spots and podcasts. They also produced curtains and stamps for each radio station, all with an environmental focus and highlighting the fact that they live in a biosphere reserve.

  • Community radio is a strategic ally for addressing issues that generate behavioral changes in communities.
  • The production of environmental programs within the programming encourages creativity, curiosity about environmental issues and at the same time, promotes reflection on the impacts of climate change and damage to ecosystems.
  • Development projects, especially those aimed at environmental conservation and protection, should seek alliances with community radio stations in the areas of intervention.
  • Each community radio station has its own identity and editorial line, maintains and addresses the problems faced by the communities with a proactive approach, generating participation and influencing, through the content of each program, to generate opinion and behavioral changes among the audience.
Strengthening capabilities

Since the three community radio stations, Tenán, Taragual and La Voz de Puca were founded in 2014, the technical equipment with which they started was damaged over time and because the radios are located in areas far away from urban centers, access to qualified personnel for repairs has been very complicated. As a result, the electronic equipment became obsolete and in poor condition. In addition to the above, none of the three community radio stations had lightning antennas and when there were electrical discharges during the rainy season, the transmitter was burned, causing the stations to remain out of the radio spectrum.

Therefore, the strengthening of community radio stations included the provision of radio broadcasting equipment to improve the signal and coverage.

  • Theoretical and practical workshops were held for the installation of lightning antennas. Each station now has its own antenna and this has helped prevent lightning strikes from affecting the equipment during the winter.
  • The equipment that was obsolete and damaged was replaced with more modern radio broadcasting equipment in good condition, which has allowed each station to improve the transmission signal.

  • Facilitating theoretical and practical workshops on equipment repair and installation allows radio stations to keep the signal on the dial and, therefore, the message they want to transmit is available to the audience.
  • The team of communicators of each radio station is able to identify when equipment has been damaged and knows what to do to repair it.
  • Strengthening knowledge in the repair of electronic equipment, installation of cables, replacement of parts, electrical conduction, among others, means that radios do not have to depend on a third party to correct defects or have to go off the dial for an indefinite period of time until an expert arrives to fix the problem.