Ribbit - a web app for automated identification and classification of anuran species

Ribbit's approach to data democratization represents a carefully curated process of citizen-driven scientific contribution. By leveraging existing public datasets from iNaturalist sounds and Anuraset, the application establishes a robust foundation for acoustic biodiversity monitoring. These initial datasets provide a comprehensive baseline for machine learning training, ensuring high-quality initial models for anuran identification.

The application's innovative data collection strategy goes beyond gathering information, implementing a rigorous quality control process for user-contributed data. Each citizen-submitted recording will undergo careful verification before potential contribution to the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). This approach transforms passive data collection into an active, collaborative scientific process where citizens can meaningfully contribute to conservation research, addressing GBF Target 14, to "Integrate Biodiversity in Decision-Making at Every Level".

Critically, Ribbit maintains stringent data privacy and protection protocols. Recognizing the sensitive nature of ecological data, particularly regarding rare species and precise location information, the application implements strict user consent mechanisms. No user data will be shared or distributed without explicit, informed approval from the contributor, protecting both ecological subjects and citizen scientists' privacy.

Citizen science apps have been shown to aid in biodiversity monitoring while engaging nature enthusiasts (Callaghan et al., 2019). For instance,  FrogID, an app by the Australian Museum, allows users to record frog calls whose identity is verified by human validators. To date, FrogID has published papers related to monitoring invasive species (Rowley and Callaghan, 2023), informing IUCN red list assessments (Gallagher et al., 2024), assessing fire impacts (Mitchell et. al., 2023), understanding urbanization impacts (Callaghan et al., 2020) and studying frog call behavior (Liu et al., 2022). Our goal is to achieve similar results with Ribbit, with anuran species around the world, and in a shorter time frame. To date, the FrogID team has a backlog of over 18,000 calls, which could be greatly reduced with our app, since the processing time is greatly reduced with the implementation of machine learning algorithms. 

During the first round of beta testing of our app, 50 users submitted recordings for identification. Their feedback has been positive: subject matter experts have pointed out that the species they recorded matched the one predicted by Ribbit, and nature enthusiasts have enjoyed the "Frog of the Day" feature introducing them to a new anuran species or allowing them to re-acquaint with familiar anurans through name and most common vocalization of the species (GBF target 11). 

Conserving ecosystems is key to curbing climate change, and maintaining ecosystem services (GBF target 11), which are closely linked to over 50% of the world’s GDP. Over 1 million species face the threat of extinction this century; however, selecting which areas to conserve is challenging with the existing data gap, which is biased towards observations in the global north. Increasing the amount of biodiversity data in the Global South is critical in the conservation of endangered species, found at high density in biodiversity hotspots in the Global South. Amphibians are ideal for acoustic identification due to their diverse vocalizations and are crucial ecosystem indicators (Estes-Zumpf et al., 2022), with over 40% of species at risk of extinction (Cañas et al., 2023). Increasing labeled data for the more than 7,000 amphibian species worldwide would enhance conservation efforts and reduce knowledge gaps in vulnerable ecosystems. By using a citizen science platform to aid in the mitigation of biodiversity loss, we help establish local environmental stewardship of these critical habitats (GBF Target 20).

Other citizen apps have shown the potential that citizen science has on mitigating biodiversity loss. eBird, the largest citizen science project related to biodiversity, has 100 million bird observations from users around the world. These observations help to "document the distribution, abundance, habitat use and bird trends through collected species list, within a simple scientific framework." (Sánchez-Clavijo et. al., 2024).  

iNaturalist, another citizen science app, that uses computer vision algorithms for species identification, has also proven successful in mitigating biodiversity loss. To date, the app has over 200,000,000 observations, with 6 million observations per month, globally. On iNaturalist, research-grade observations are shared with GBIF, which in turn uses that knowledge for policy decisions, research, and community building (GBIF, 2023). 

Currently, our app identifies 71 species of frogs and toads, worldwide. Though many of them are identified as least concern (LC) under the IUCN, we do have one IUCN endangered species, the Southern Bell Frog (Ranoidea raniformis). This lack of threatened species included, underscores the need for diverse practitioners to participate in bioacoustic ecological monitoring. Increasing data points on vulnerable species can serve to inform policy decisions using data-driven insights. Local communities and Indigenous Peoples will be a key asset in increasing the number of species included in the app, as their local knowledge allows us to track species in remote regions. 

Amphibians are more threatened and are declining more rapidly than either birds or mammals. Amphibian populations are decreasing due to multiple factors, such as climate change, the chytrid fungus, and other anthropogenic factors such as species trafficking. However, the level of threat to amphibians is undoubtedly underestimated because 1294 species (22.5%) are too poorly known to assess, as compared with only 78 birds (0.8%) (Stuart et al., 2004). 

This knowledge deficit underscores the vital importance of educational tools like Ribbit in democratizing scientific research. By lowering barriers to ecological monitoring, apps like Ribbit transform passive observers into active conservation participants. Educational technologies enable citizen scientists to directly contribute to understanding and protecting vulnerable ecosystems, addressing critical research limitations through expanded data collection in under-researched regions.

These innovative platforms increase public awareness about biodiversity challenges while providing accessible pathways for scientific engagement. Unlike bird-focused apps with well-established research infrastructures, anuran conservation has lacked comprehensive citizen science platforms. Ribbit fills this critical gap by empowering individuals to become crucial contributors to amphibian research, turning the tide on data deficiency and supporting global conservation efforts through collaborative, technology-enabled environmental stewardship. It is the first application to include information about over 800 amphibian species, in four languages, including call type, photo, CITES information (whether species are trafficked or used for commercial purposes, addressing GBF targets 5 and 9), IUCN status (whether species are endangered, addressing GBF target 4) and general information on animal behavior and reproduction.