Yuxin Li
Establishing a multi-level partnership (Prefecture-County-Township-Village)
Participatory research in cooperation with scientific institutions
Restoration of traditional water-woods, canals and channels
Increasing the economic value of terrace products
Legislation regulating protection and development
Using Indigenous language in the signage of the heritage place

Røros municipality is a Sámi management area for language and culture which is a legal status where Sámi culture and language should be used for public communication, schools and land use plans at municipal level. The process to be a Sámi management area started in 2015, and the objective for the process was to lift forward the Sámi language and culture in the municipality. The municipality board delegated the mission to a political committee, who presented the results in November 2016. The government approved the application in 2018. Today there are 12 Norwegian municipalities that are Sámi management areas for language and culture

In Røros, the signage of places and streets shall be translated to Sámi language at county and municipality levels. A Sámi name for Røros will also be decided. There is also education in Sámi language in primary school in Røros and Engerdal municipalities. Sámi language is also used in the signing of e-mails of officers. For the translation and naming process, the municipality appoints a committee which suggests words and names. The suggestions are taken into the municipality board, which sends the proposal to the Sámi Parliament. The Parliament discusses it on a hearing, and when the hearing is over, the municipality board finally decides the names.

Røros municipality was declared a Sámi management area for language and culture in 2018.

1) Non-Sámi people react mostly positively to the Sámi language used in the signage, but until now it has been little used.

2) Some words are difficult to translate, not all concepts have equivalents in Sámi language, so there is still improvement to be done. However, it allows a learning process on Sámi culture and the differences with Norwegian language.

Using the elaboration of the World Heritage management plan as a space for dialogue

The process for the elaboration of the new management plan for the World Heritage property started in 2017, and several groups have been working on it for three years (2017-2020). The World Heritage Management Board is leading the process, with the collaboration of the cultural heritage manager in Røros, the representative of Sámi Indigenous people, urban planners from the different municipalities and counties within the World Heritage property and buffer zone, and the Director of the Museum of Røros. Hearings and meetings with the municipality boards in the 5 municipalities have been used for establishing this dialogue. More than 40 different parties were invited to the hearings including the counties, municipalities, museums, NGOs, persons involved in the Management Plans, private owners of land within the World Heritage property, and the Sámi Parliament. The Sámi were involved in the same way as the other stakeholders, and counting with representatives both in the World Heritage Board and in the administrative group.

  • The government requested to all Norwegian World Heritage sites to develop new management plans.
  • The World Heritage Coordinator was in charge of drafting the former management plan (2010) and had the will and mission to develop a new management plan for Røros.

1) During the hearing of the new Management Plan, many of the parties mentioned that the Sámi culture should be strengthen more than it already was. Most of the suggestions of the different parties were to focus more on reinforcing the Sámi relations and values.

2) Reinforcing the idea to include the Sámi culture as part of the Outstanding Universal Value of the World Heritage site in the next years. Yet, the State Party needs to lead the process. Some municipalities want that some areas currently in the buffer zone (part of the Circumference) be integrated in the World Heritage property (Narjodet, agricultural area, and Dragås-Eidet, which is one of the melters outside Røros).

3) In order to work equally with different parties, there has been no special treatment for none of the stakeholders.

4) To integrate the different stakeholders feedback into the management plan, hearings were organized to consult about the arrangements for drafting the plan and later to consult on the plan itself. 

Integrating Indigenous people's perspectives in the interpretation of the heritage place

The place where to learn about Røros and the Circumference is the Museum. The Røros museum consists of five main sections, one dedicated to the buildings of Røros, one dedicated to the Sámi culture, one dedicated to nature conservation management, one to mining and quarrying and one to the World Heritage. A permanent position as Sámi researcher was established in 2001. The establishment of the Museum as the World Heritage centre of Røros and the Circumference in 2017, allowed the enlargement of the World Heritage narrative to the Sámi relationship to the place already existing in the museum. In this space, it is clarified that the Sámi were in the area before the copper-works started. The sami community has existed through history on its own terms but also in interaction with the society around the copper-works. Interaction could be based on trading with reindeers, with handicraft, withreindeer-skins, or as hosts for reindeers that were owned by people who owned the copper-work, tradesmen and farmers. The landscape of the Circumference has been to some extend also shaped in relation to the reindeers, and Sámi managed this relationship in a sustainable way.

  • Collection on Sámi culture (i.e. objects, visual archive) already existing in the Museum
  • In 2012, it was decided by the Norwegian Parliament that all World Heritage properties shall have a World Heritage centre. 
  • In 2017, the Røros Museum started working as the World Heritage centre of Røros and the Circumference. 

It was a long process to find the financing for the World Heritage centre of Røros. There are only two persons engaged specifically for the World Heritage centre function at the Museum, even though the whole museum works in some way, as a World Heritage centre. In order to finance these two persons and their activities, the State provides 60%, the counties 20% and the municipalities 20%. Regional financing for that last 40% needed to be arranged and consented by all local parties.

Indigenous people’s representative at the World Heritage Management Board

The World Heritage Management Board was established in 2012 and is composed of 8 members representing the main stakeholder groups in the World Heritage property: 5 mayors of the 5 municipalities - Røros, Tolga, Holtålen, Engerdal and Os-, 1 representative for each of the 2 counties - Trøndelag and Innlandet (regional level)- and 1 representative of the Sámi Parliament. The chair holds the role for 2 years and can be re-elected. The World Heritage coordinator acts as the Secretary of the board. Besides, there are 6 observers: the Director of Destination Røros, the Director of the Røros museum, the Director of Nord-Østerdal Museum (3 municipalities), the Director of Røros Municipality, the Cultural Heritage manager of Røros and the site manager of the Femundsmarka National Park who represents both national parks and the governors of the 2 counties. The board has regular meetings (4-5 times a year) and excursions where they process cases proposed by the coordinator, by the members themselves and by other stakeholders. The management plan, budget, new proposals to strengthen the values in the site, national and international collaboration and hearings of different suggestions from the directorates and departments are discussed. The decisions are taken by consensus.

The Femundsmarka National Park, located within the Circumference area, counted with a representative of the Sámi Parliament in their own board. This was a model for the World Heritage Management Board. Besides, in 2018, Røros municipality became a management area for Sami language, which also reinforces the importance of the representation of Sámi people in the decision-making processes of the World Heritage site.

1) The selection of the Sámi representative is done by the Sámi Parliament. This  is important to strengthen the authority and the links to the parliament.   

2) The participation of a Sámi representative in the board has influenced in how the new World Heritage  management plan is more inclusive of Sámi culture. This is supported by the administration and the politicians  in the counties, in the municipalities and in the museums  who were very aware of the question about how the Sámi culture should be featured in the current process around the management plan. 

3) The Sámi representative has become a focal point for Sámi questions.

Rørosmuseet Archive
Indigenous people’s representative at the World Heritage Management Board
Integrating Indigenous people's perspectives in the interpretation of the heritage place
Using the elaboration of the World Heritage management plan as a space for dialogue
Using Indigenous language in the signage of the heritage place
Rørosmuseet Archive
Indigenous people’s representative at the World Heritage Management Board
Integrating Indigenous people's perspectives in the interpretation of the heritage place
Using the elaboration of the World Heritage management plan as a space for dialogue
Using Indigenous language in the signage of the heritage place
Using Biosphere Reserve Branding (Quality Economy)

Quality economy is based on successful conservation or conservation-based economy set up in the guidelines of Vietnam MAB in 2009. Labeling and branding goods and services from CBR could help promote the development of quality economies in the CBR and its sustainable development. In the context of economic development in CBR, quality includes value creation and increased economic benefits for local people consumptions; production in line with sustainable development; fair distribution, solidarity; awareness of conservation of nature and culture and networking among Bisophere Reserves. Successful conservation creates a prestige value. Labeling under this concept brings added value to local products creating a contribution and recognition to local communities and their efforts in conservation.

International designation as a Biosphere Reserve.

(1) Market sector consists of private entities that are organized around price incentive in the production and consumption of goods and services. The quality of products should be controlled and registered.

(2) Local products usually do not meet quality criteria, therefore, intersectoral coordination and quality economy should come together to implement the initiative with community participation involved in the process.

Partnering between state, market and civil society (Intersectoral coordination)

CBR management consists of the coordination and use of locally available instruments, human resources and financial resources. It requires to consider shared benefits and responsibilities in natural resource management of agriculture, forestry, fishery, science, involving local and national authorities and the international community. The intersectoral coordination consists of bringing actors from the state and civil society together to achieve a mutual understanding on an issue and negotiate and implement mutually agreeable plans for tackling the issue once it is identified. For this, top-down and bottom-up approaches can be combined. The management board is composed by provincial departments of agriculture and rural development, natural resources and environment, culture and tourism, and science and technology. These departments are under guidelines from Central Government, especially regulations applied for core zones, i.e. top-down approach. Besides, there are associations including farmers, women, youth, business enterprises, private sector participating in the management board and decision-making process, i.e. bottom-up approach. The leader is the provincial authority chaired by the vice-chairman of the People's Committee.

 

International designation as a Biosphere Reserve.

In tackling development problems, intersectional coordination is a strategy that optimizes the respective strengths of different sectors while limiting the impact of their individual weaknesses.

Zoning based on patch-corridor-matrix model (Landscape Planning)

In order to set-up a functional zoning, the connection between the different components of land-use is vital. Landscape planning is a tool for integration and creates a feasible condition for implementing management based on system thinking. The use of the patch-corridor-matrix model from landscape ecology enables habitat connectivity and biodiversity conservation.
The CBR's zoning clearly identifies that the core zone is the MPA, which is responsible for protecting primary forests on the islands and the seascape. The transition zone is the ancient town, and these two conservation centers are connecting through the buffer zone of rivers, mangrove, estuary and sea. Each zone will have its own development plan based on the main CBR zoning. Specifically, in the core zone, the government does not allow the construction of large hotels, giving priority to develop homestays; the constructions are restricted in height, materials and operating procedures to ensure that  do not disrupt forest and marine ecological landscape. In the transition zone, the old town is preserved through construction regulations. All socio-economic activities taking place in the buffer zone are planned based on the protection and promotion of the values of river, mangrove and beach ecosystems.

One year after receiving the CBR designation by UNESCO, Hoi An city quickly established five economic development sub-zones (2010) and then adjusted them into three sub-zones corresponding to the three functional zoning of CBR. This confirms the city's development strategy based on the outstanding value of each area that CBR has assigned in the zoning and the linkages between natural and cultural resources in the whole CBR.

(1) Need of principles for applying landscape ecology models that could be predictive.

(2) After many recommendations, the city has accepted to invite the CBR management board members to participate in most council approvals for planning ideas, infrastructure construction, projects investment, and all of services throughout the whole city. The SLIQ principle basing on the landscape, seascape and outstanding values of each zone in CBR has been used by CBR members to reflect and to comment on all projects’ proposals. This CBR consultation has been supporting the city in achieving its sustainable development goals while meeting the 7 criteria for CBR of UNESCO.

(3) The SLIQ model is also used to build sustainable livelihood models based on the value chain of natural resources and the benefit-sharing for many stakeholders involved.

(4) Moreover, CBR members are also invited to participate in the Strategic and Environmental Assessment (SEA) and Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) councils of most investment projects.