Communities celebrate Restoration
East and South Africa
Centre for Environmental Policy and Advocacy
CEPA
Low-Cost Regeneration Technique (Approach & Tool)
Community Empowerment and Farmer Training (Process)
Multi-Stakeholder Partnerships (Partnerships)
Communities celebrate Restoration
East and South Africa
Centre for Environmental Policy and Advocacy
CEPA
Low-Cost Regeneration Technique (Approach & Tool)
Community Empowerment and Farmer Training (Process)
Multi-Stakeholder Partnerships (Partnerships)
From Insights to Innovation: R&D, Design and Prototyping

This building block captures the iterative research, prototyping, and testing process behind the design and performance optimization of Sparsa's compostable menstrual pads. The goal was to systematically address key challenges such as absorbency, retention, and hygiene using accessible, compostable materials and context-appropriate methods. 
 
During initial trials, the embossing of the word 'Sparsa' into the pad design caused production issues, as the added pressure led to small holes at the site of embossing. This aesthetic feature was removed in future die versions to preserve structural integrity. Material testing revealed that the non-woven cotton selected for the top layer was hydrophobic, preventing fluid from entering the absorbent core. Though soft and natural, it was unsuitable. It was replaced by viscose, a hydrophilic and compostable fiber. However, viscose caused another issue—it spread liquid too effectively toward the wings, where no absorbent material was present, leading to leakage. 
 
To address these problems, internal lab tests were developed and applied. The team created over twenty prototypes, varying in top layers, glue types, layer arrangements, and inclusion of guar gum. Some of these, like guar gum, improved total retention but introduced a gel-like texture that reduced comfort and slowed absorption. Tests showed that glue can either support or hinder fluid transfer depending on how and where it's applied—too much glue acted as a barrier and even left residues. Effective glue bonding improved layer connectivity but required careful quantity control. 
 
One critical hygiene failure revealed the presence of Staphylococcus aureus. Investigation found that gloves were not mandatory in the fiber factory, especially after cooking. Human skin was the primary contamination source. The team responded by revising hygiene protocols, making gloves mandatory post-cooking in both pad and fiber factories. This step eliminated the bacterial presence in follow-up tests. 
 
To better understand bacterial presence and reduction strategies, five process variations were developed—each changing the sequence of cooking, beating, and chlorine treatment. These were labeled Sample A to E and tested for bacterial load. The results provided insight into how specific steps and moisture conditions influence microbial contamination. 
 
Leakage from the wings was another key challenge, especially with viscose layers that spread liquid outward. Since wings lacked absorbent material, the team created different prototypes to control this spread. Solutions included modifying top layers, stretching or perforating materials, using starch or wood glue in targeted zones, and bonding absorbent materials more tightly. Some prototypes featured layered configurations with transfer paper. Tests confirmed that fluid distribution and retention improved only when materials were positioned effectively—paper layers under the core performed poorly, while those bonded near the surface aided absorption. 
 
Through every iteration, the team learned to question assumptions, test every new configuration, and document repeatable results. Design improvements were not driven by one-time outcomes but by data-backed testing, careful material selection, and practical lessons from production. 
 

  • Continuous prototyping and iterative testing to improve absorbency, retention, and leakage prevention. 
  • Close collaboration between the pad and fiber factories to maintain hygiene standards. 
  • Market analysis to understand competitor performance and identify areas for improvement. 
  • Access to both internal and external testing facilities for thorough evaluation. 
  • Proactive implementation of hygiene protocols, especially for bacteria control. 
  • Flexible material testing to find optimal combinations for performance and comfort. 
  • Strong teamwork and open communication across all involved teams for efficient problem-solving.  
  • Always validate the embossing design in real production settings before finalizing the die. Even small design elements like text can compromise pad performance under pressure. 
  • Before finalizing top-layer materials, conduct small-scale fluid tests to understand their hydrophilic or hydrophobic nature. Visual feel or assumptions can be misleading. 
  • Never order large quantities of fabric without first testing their absorption behavior. It’s more cost-effective to prototype first and confirm the fabric’s functionality in the full pad structure. 
  • Liquid spreading behavior should be evaluated with the full pad geometry. Materials that seem absorbent may cause unexpected leakage in edge areas like wings if no absorbent barrier is present there. 
  • Develop internal lab test protocols early. They help catch design flaws (e.g., leakage, low retention) before costly mass production begins. 
  • Make hygiene practices consistent across all production units. If one facility follows strict protocol and the other doesn’t, contamination will still occur. 
  • Don’t rely on verbal hygiene instructions. Make critical steps like glove use mandatory and tied to specific process stages, such as post-cooking in the fiber line. 
  • Document every change in the fiber treatment process. Small alterations like shifting the cooking or beating order can significantly influence bacterial count. 
  • When using glue, test different concentrations and application patterns. Too much glue may block fluid transfer, while too little may cause delamination. 
  • Use small-batch prototypes to test before full-scale trials. Some may boost retention but hurt comfort or speed of absorption. 
  • If a layer (like paper) is meant to aid fluid distribution, test its placement. Not all positions will support its intended function. 
  • Explore bonding techniques through trial — glue, pressure, stretching, or perforation. Each has pros and cons depending on material and location. 
  • Always question why something works. Prototypes should be backed by repeatable observations, not just one-time success. 
Building Block 1 Field Research & User Insights: Understanding Menstrual Product Access and Preferences in Nepal

This building block outlines the findings and methodology of a nationwide field study conducted in 2022, which informed the Sparśa Pad Project. The research examined menstrual product usage, access, stigma, and user preferences among 820 Nepali women and adolescent girls in 14 districts across all seven provinces.

Using a structured face-to-face interview approach, the team employed ethically approved questionnaires administered by culturally rooted female research assistants. This method ensured trust, context sensitivity, and accurate data collection across diverse communities. The interviewers were trained in ethical protocols and worked in their own or nearby communities, thereby strengthening rapport and enhancing their understanding of local norms, power relations, and languages.

Key findings revealed a high reliance on disposable pads (75.7%) and ongoing use of cloth (44.4%), with product preferences strongly shaped by income, education, and geography. Respondents prioritized absorbency, softness, and size in menstrual products. While 59% were unfamiliar with the term “biodegradable,” those who understood it expressed a strong preference for compostable options, over 90%. Importantly, 73% of participants followed at least one menstrual restriction, yet 57% expressed positive feelings about them, seeing them as tradition rather than purely discriminatory.

These findings directly shaped the design of Sparśa’s compostable pads, informed the user testing protocols, and guided the development of targeted awareness campaigns. The accompanying link and PDFs include a peer-reviewed research article co-authored by the team and supervised by Universidade Fernando Pessoa (Porto, Portugal), as well as informed consent forms, a statement of confidentiality, and a research questionnaire. These documents are provided for practitioners' reference or replication purposes.

Why this is useful for others:

For Nepali organizations and local governments:

  • The study provides representative national data to inform product design, pricing strategies, and outreach campaigns.
  • It reveals regional, ethnic, and generational differences in attitudes that are essential for localized intervention planning.
  • The questionnaire is available in Nepali and can be adapted for school surveys, municipal assessments, or NGO projects.

For international actors:

  • The research demonstrates a replicable, ethical field methodology that balances qualitative insight with statistically relevant sampling.
  • It offers a template for conducting culturally sensitive research in diverse, low-income settings.
  • Key insights can guide similar product development, health education, and behavior change interventions globally.

Instructions for practitioners:

  • Use the attached PDFs as templates for conducting your own baseline studies.
  • Adapt the questions to reflect your region’s cultural and product context.
  • Leverage the findings to avoid common pitfalls, such as overestimating awareness of biodegradable products or underestimating positive views on restrictions.
  • Use the structure to co-design products and testing tools that truly reflect end-user needs.

 



 

  • Long-term engagement of NIDISI, a NGO with operational presence in Nepal, enabled trust-based access to diverse communities across the country.
  • Partnerships with local NGOs in regions where NIDISI does not operate directly were essential to extend geographic reach. In Humla, one of Nepal’s most remote districts, the entire research process was carried out by a trusted partner organization.
  • Pre-research networking and stakeholder consultations helped NIDISI refine research tools, adapt to local realities, and align with the expectations of communities and local actors.
  • Research assistants were female community members selected through NIDISI’s existing grassroots networks and recommendations from NGO partners, ensuring cultural sensitivity, linguistic fluency, and local acceptance.
  • Field research relied on ethically approved, pre-tested questionnaires, with interviews conducted in multiple local languages to ensure inclusivity and clarity.
  • Interviews were conducted face-to-face and door-to-door, prioritizing trust and participant comfort in culturally appropriate ways.
  • The study included a demographically diverse sample, representing various ethnic, educational, religious, and economic groups, strengthening the representativeness and replicability of the findings.
  • Academic collaboration with Universidade Fernando Pessoa (Portugal), where the research formed part of a Master's thesis by a NIDISI team member, ensuring methodological rigor and peer-reviewed oversight.
  • Language and cultural barriers can compromise data accuracy; working with local female facilitators from the same communities was essential to ensure comprehension, trust, and openness.
  • Social desirability bias limited the honesty of some responses around menstrual stigma. Conducting interviews privately and individually helped mitigate this, especially when discussing taboos or product usage.
  • The combination of quantitative surveys with qualitative methods (open-ended questions, observations, respondent quotes) enriched the dataset and provided both measurable and narrative insights.
  • Flexibility in logistics was crucial. Travel difficulties, seasonal factors, and participant availability—especially in rural and remote areas—required adaptable timelines and contingency planning.
  • Respecting local customs and religious norms throughout the research process was vital for ethical engagement and long-term acceptance of the project.
  • Training research assistants thoroughly not only on tools, but also on the ethical handling of sensitive topics, significantly improved the reliability and consistency of data collected.
  • Some communities initially associated the topic of menstruation with shame or discomfort, and pre-engagement through trusted local NGOs helped build the trust necessary for participation.
  • Pilot-testing the questionnaire revealed linguistic ambiguities and culturally inappropriate phrasing, which were corrected before full deployment—this step proved indispensable.
  • Remote district such as Humla required alternative model: relying fully on local NGO partners for data collection proved both effective and necessary for reaching hard-to-access populations without extensive budget burden.
  • Participant fatigue occasionally affected the quality of responses in longer interviews; reducing the number of questions and improving flow would significantly improve participant engagement.
  • Engaging with younger respondents, especially adolescents, required different communication strategies and levels of explanation than with older adults. Age-sensitive adaptation improved both participation and data depth.
  • Documentation and data organization during fieldwork (e.g. daily debriefs, note-taking, photo documentation, secure backups) was essential for maintaining data quality and enabling follow-up analysis.
FULL Process of pad making
Comprehensive Factory Layout and Workflow of Menstrual Pad Production Unit
Fluffy Absorbent Core Making: Machinery Overview, Detail process explanation, 3D Models
Layer Assembly and Construction Process of Compostable Menstrual Pads
Machine & Material Specifications with Safety and Maintenance Protocols
Grasshopper adoption among MSMEs

Currently, most MSMEs are sponsored by CATHSSETA as part of a structured developmental programme. The basic version of the Grasshopper Tool is priced at $43.70 USD (approximately R800) per month, allowing each MSME to onboard up to 10 users and manage up to 50 projects. Although the tool has not yet been actively marketed, it has already attracted interest, with several self-funded MSMEs requesting access and successfully onboarded.

While the tool is not yet available on app stores, it is fully accessible via web browsers on both smartphones and computers, which all participating MSMEs currently use.

Adoption of the Grasshopper Tool is largely dependent on MSMEs having consistent work opportunities within the conservation sector. Sustainable adoption is closely linked to MSMEs being trained not only in technical fieldwork but also as capable business owners. To support this, the Green Jobs Connect Platform was established to consolidate and facilitate access to available opportunities across the sector. Additionally, partnerships with relevant conservation organisations and stakeholders play a crucial role in securing funding that enables MSMEs to participate in the broader MSME Development Programme.

The basic monthly subscription for the Grasshopper Tool is R800 (South African Rand), which is generally affordable for MSMEs. However, affordability can become a challenge during periods when work opportunities are limited. This is why strategic partnerships and the integration of other building blocks—such as mentorship, work facilitation, and institutional support—are essential to the success and sustainability of the intervention.

While a few MSMEs are self-funded and have opted for customizable premium packages, the capacity and maturity of MSMEs vary significantly. Some contractors, particularly those over the age of 50, face challenges due to lower literacy levels, as many were not able to complete secondary education. In contrast, younger "Green MSMEs" often possess matric or post-matric qualifications and are able to navigate the tool with ease.

For MSMEs with limited education, support is provided to help them input basic data into the system. As part of their development, they are encouraged to rely on younger supervisors or team leaders—who are typically more digitally literate—to assist with using the platform effectively.

Green Platform for Green Opportunities

Grasshopper Technologies has further identified a lack of coordination in terms of where Green Jobs are posted in South Africa. The Green Jobs Connect Platform was therefore built to help Green Graduates as well as Green SMMEs to apply for opportunities within the conservation sector in the country. The platform is made up of the 3 main components:

  1. Green MSMEs looking for opportunities
  2. Clients looking at appointing Green and vetted MSMEs and Graduates
  3. Graduates looking for work opportunities

The platform is managed by Grasshopper and is free for all and it seek to connect the three components above. 

This helps coordinate green opportunities in the sector.

This Solution was recently launched therefore not a lot of lessons learned yet.

Grasshopper Digital Tool for Conservation MSMEs

A mobile- and web-based project management platform designed specifically for small contractors working in conservation. It enables users to manage teams, track fieldwork, generate quotes and invoices, and monitor project performance. The tool is optimized for low digital literacy, offline functionality, and smartphone accessibility—empowering MSMEs to operate professionally and independently in the conservation sector. 

  1. Quoting tool: this has not been integrated yet to Grasshopper, however a prototype has been developed which uses historical data based on projects cleared in the past with similar characteristics e.g. a vegetation block/unit with Acacia mearnsii on a mountain slope with a 100% density and adult trees. This information will therefore guide the MSME based on thousands of datapoints collected from historical data. It does not provide a price for the MSMEs as these are affected by inflation government price adjustments etc. However it provides some guidance in terms of the number of days that each clearing block will take to remove of all the vegetation. The person days would normally be the driving force behind the actual quote or price of the site taking into consideration some key variables that include site location, transport, team composition and vegetation densities etc. 

The MSMEs must have acquired projects on their own or through the MSME Development programme. However the conservation organisations could also through the partnership further create these opportunities for the MSMEs. The conservation institutions especially the government will benefit greatly from such a Solution as they will be able to achieve some of their obligations for MSME development in the country therefore creating employment and reducing the countries unemployment of close to 40%. The best scenario is to have the government adopting this platform for their own MSMEs who are located across the country and in need of such tools, it must however be noted that the budget cuts especially for conservaiton programmes have affected the sector greatly and the government does not have the funding to support its MSMEs for digital access. 

  1. The conservation organisations who are responsible for the environment and MSME development have no budget available for such initiatives. 

     

Strategic Partnerships for Scalable Impact

Contour Enviro Group has established partnerships with some key conservation authorities in the country which further include local and provincial Protected Areas, where Contour gains access to conservation sites for its training programmes and exposing the MSMEs to conservation projects. Further discussions with other PA management authorities outside the Western Cape province are being discussed.

This provides the facilities that Contour Enviro Group and Grasshopper does not have by using the following conservation areas for training purposes: Helderberg Nature Reserve, and 3x Protected Areas under the management of a provincial conservation authority. 

  1. CapeNature (provincial conservation authority)
  2. City of Cape Town (local conservation authority)
  3. Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment (national authority)
  4. Department of Business Development

The conservation staff from these sites do provide access for training as well as the sites for practical purposes for the participants. 

Collaborating for Sustainable Impact in Freshwater Aquaculture: State-Level Multi-Stakeholder Platforms

To strengthen the enabling environment for sustainable freshwater aquaculture, state-level Multi-Stakeholder Platform (MSP) were initiated in the states of Assam and Odisha. The platforms were designed to bring together actors from government, the private sector, cooperatives, academia, and civil society to collectively address sector-specific challenges and align efforts across policies and programs.

The MSP development process in Assam and Odisha was carried out over a period of approximately 18 months. It began with a strategic planning workshop involving the Department of Fisheries, where the concept, purpose, and governance structure of the MSP were introduced. Feedback was collected to refine the structure, clarify roles, and ensure alignment with state priorities.

Subsequent workshops facilitated dialogue among key stakeholders, leading to the identification of priority challenges and opportunities in the freshwater aquaculture sector. As a result, in both states thematic working groups were established on e.g., One Health, Feed and Seed, Capacity Building, Finance and Insurance, and Decentralized Renewable Energy. These groups developed draft proposals for scoping studies and potential action plans to address key issues within their thematic areas.