Relevant ecological processes and incidents that are of interest in environmental change research typically occur in remote areas beyond the reach of terrestrial communication infrastructures. Data generated in the field using animal tags in these regions can often only be transmitted with a delay of days or even weeks. To overcome this delay and ensure no delay in the early-warning system, GAIA develops a satellite communication module for the tags as well as a nanosatellite operating in low earth orbit (LEO): In order to be able to transmit collected data and information directly from the transmitting node to the LEO satellite (Low Earth Orbit), a high-performance satellite IoT radio module will be integrated into the new tags. This guarantees immediate, secure and energy-efficient transmission of the extracted data. The communication system is based on the terrestrial mioty® technology and will be adapted to satellite-typical frequency bands such as L- and S-band for the project. Typical communication protocols, which are sometimes used in the IoT sector, are usually designed for small packet sizes. Further development of the mioty® system will therefore also aim to increase the data rate and message size to enable application scenarios such as image transmissions.

To meet the goal of the GAIA Initiative to develop and put into practice a high-tech early-warning system for environmental changes, a new generation of animal tags is a key component. GAIA teams are working on the hardware and software development of miniaturized animal tags with lowest-power sensor technology with camera and image processing. The tags will be energy-autonomous, optimally adapted to the anatomy of vultures and are the basis for further technological features under development such as on-board artificial intelligences for behaviour detection and image recognition as well as a satellite-based IoT communication system.

Additionally, GAIA is developing concepts of distributed artificial intelligence and networks of micro-processors – animal tags that act just like a swarm. Analogous to natural swarm intelligence, the GAIA initiative is mapping digital swarm intelligence in an ad hoc network of microprocessors. These spontaneously forming networks are the foundation for distributed and sensor-based analysis of large amounts of data. Following this path will make it possible for vulture tags, for example, that are present at the same location during feeding events, to link and share tasks such as artificial intelligence analyses and data transmission.

For ecological research as well as for GAIA use cases, it is necessary to reliably and accurately recognise the behaviour of different animal species over a long period of time in remote wilderness regions. To do this, GAIA scientists have developed and trained an artificial intelligence (AI) that can perform behavioural classification from GPS and acceleration data and tell us exactly what, for example, white-backed vultures fitted with animal tags are doing at any given time and place. This AI will eventually run directly on the GAIA animal tags and generate behavioural information from sensor data. In a second step, the scientists combined the behaviour thus classified with the GPS data from the tags. Using algorithms for spatial clustering, they identified locations where certain behaviours occurred more frequently. In this way, they obtained spatially and temporally finely resolved locations where vultures fed. Last but not least, GAIA is developing an AI for image recognition that will analyse photos taken by the integrated camera of the new tag system. All those algorithms will run directly on the tag and can perform efficient embedded data processing. This also places very special demands on image recognition AI, which must operate particularly sparingly and with small amounts of data. To this end, GAIA teams are developing appropriate strategies and models for sparse AI.

Satellites and aircrafts play a crucial role in gathering environmental data from the distance, helping us to better understand our climate and ecosystems. Remote sensing, often conducted from aircraft, balloons, or satellites, allows us to monitor large areas and remote regions over extended periods. These “eyes in the sky” are invaluable complements to land-based observations, helping us understand ocean and air currents, land cover changes, and climate change. However, animals also possess extraordinary senses and a unique ability to detect changes in their habitats. By combining animal capabilities with remote sensing technologies, GAIA aims at enhancing our ability to monitor and understand our planet. Animals have superior sensory abilities and behavioural strategies that enable them to sense subtle and dramatic changes in their ecosystems, as well as to detect critical incidents. Vultures, for example, act as “sentinel species” and can elevate the concept of remote sensing to new heights. They regularly patrol vast areas in search of food, operating without emissions, additional resources, or repairs. Furthermore, their patrols are guided by their exceptional vision and the mission to find carcasses. The way they patrol, what they search for, and the incidents they lead us to may be linked to specific environmental changes and ecological events.

To fully exploit the potential of vulture-borne remote sensing, GAIA focuses on two essential aspects. Firstly, powerful tracking devices are attached to vultures to monitor their movements and behaviour on detailed temporal and spatial scales. Secondly, new technological solutions are being developed to better understand what the animals observe and do. This includes a newly developed camera tag featuring an integrated camera, artificial intelligence algorithms for behaviour detection and image recognition, and satellite uplink for real-time coverage in remote regions. With these tools, animals can capture imagery and provide data of their surroundings faster, with higher resolution and specificity than satellite imagery. This innovative approach allows us to see nature through the eyes of animals.

Vultures are a highly intelligent group of birds that provide important ecosystem services. Yet, populations of old-world vultures decreased dramatically in the last decades owing to anthropogenic factors. Efficient conservation strategies that address critical threats such as indiscriminate poisoning or depleted food sources need to be developed. At the same time, their behaviour including social interactions is still poorly understood. Building on high-tech tracking equipment and AI-based analytical tools, GAIA aims at better understanding how vultures communicate, interact and cooperate, forage, breed and rear their young. Additionally, the GAIA scientists research the social foraging strategies of white-backed vultures and the information transfer within carnivore-scavenger-communities. In the animal kingdom it is common across taxa that the search for food is undertaken not only as individuals but in a group. Animals forage together or rely on knowledge from other individuals to find food. This so-called social foraging presumably yields benefits, for example concerning the amount of food that is found, the size of prey that can be hunted or the time required to access food. GAIA investigates species-specific mechanisms in behaviour and communication as well as the incentives, benefits and possible disadvantages for individuals.

In order to increase resilience to climate change, coffee farming households need the knowledge and skills to apply regenerative agricultural practices that can increase biodiversity, enrich soil health, improve watersheds, and enhance ecosystem services.

Nespresso’s AAA Sustainable Quality Program empowers coffee farmers through three pillars: coffee quality, farm productivity, and social and environmental sustainability. Improvements in these areas can boost farmers’ financial security while also helping their communities and protecting nature.

From July 2022 to April 2024, AAA agronomists — nearly half of them women — delivered monthly lessons to small, self-selected focal farmer groups of roughly 25 coffee farming households. Modules included a wide range of relevant topics, including regenerative agricultural topics (Coffee Pruning and Rejuvenation, Soil Health, Coffee Planting, and Shade Management and Climate Change), household nutrition topics (Nutrition Basics, and Establishment and Planting of Kitchen Gardens), and gender equality topics. With the establishment of demonstration plots, farmers learned through this hands-on, field-based training. 

The forestry sector is suffering from corruption and is limiting benefits for local and Indigenous communities. Our solution allows local communities to tackle forest illegalities and land rights violations and at the same time to secure their land rights and economic rights over forest resources by monitoring and protecting their territory, reinforcing sustainable development and autonomy.  Data collected through the tool also supports judicial or non-judicial cases when local and indigenous communities suffer human rights abuses. 

Our solution is based on a digital tool whose goal is to collect and facilitate the analyse of the data sent by community observers and our partners. This tool's efficiency relies on the fact that it is digital, easy to use and low costs for local and Indigenous communities. It enables us to work with hard-to-reach areas around the world, to have quantitative data to support national and international advocacy and to get supporting evidence for legal cases. The adaptability of our solution also lies in the fact that it can be used to monitor a variety of issues (illegal logging - artisanal or industrial, mining, carbon market projects' impact, GBV, etc.), in a variety of contexts.  

The evidence is building that granting Indigenous peoples and other local communities' control over their territories improves forest protection. This is because they are directly invested in the survival of forests and want to ensure that future generations can continue to live and thrive in them. Yet a lot of development and environmental and climate-related programs are not created in collaboration with the people who will be impacted by them. Therefore, our solution arose from the challenges that grassroots organisations and Indigenous and local communities brought to our attention. Those communities are the ones living all the forests illegalities and land tenure violations therefore by directly tackling their challenge it ensures the solution to be genuine and efficient. Working with them directly helps us to better understand the contexts they are facing and adapt the tool in consequence.