Agreement on Designating and Demarcating Restoration Sites

To ensure effective restoration, project leaders worked with the community to designate and physically demarcate specific areas for intervention. This included mapping the landscape to identify priority areas for rangeland restoration, addressing concerns over land ownership, and ensuring community consensus on where boundaries would be drawn. The collaborative designation process allowed for clear agreements on how the land would be used, while physical markers helped prevent future conflicts over land use and maintain restoration areas.

  • Community-Driven site identification      and Planning: Engaging the community in mapping exercises fostered a shared understanding of the landscape and prioritized areas needing urgent intervention.
  • Clear Boundary Markings: Physically marking boundaries (e.g., with fencing or natural markers) and border patrols by community scouts provided clear, visible indicators of designated restoration areas, reducing misunderstandings over land use.
  • Consensus-Building Processes: Reaching community-wide agreements on site designation      increased local commitment to respecting and protecting these areas.
  • Clear Boundaries Prevent Conflict: Physically marked boundaries reduce potential disputes over land use, ensuring that restoration areas remain protected.
  • Local Input Enhances Relevance and Suitability: Community involvement in site selection increases relevance, as local knowledge helps identify areas that are both ecologically valuable and socially acceptable for restoration.
  • Ownership Through Shared Decision-Making: Engaging the community in boundary designation fosters a sense of ownership, increasing commitment to maintaining and protecting these restoration sites.
Organization of Community Meetings with Landowners (Local Barazas)

Community meetings, or barazas, served as the primary platform for engagement with landowners to discuss and align on proposed restoration interventions across 150 hectares of rangeland. These meetings were designed as participatory sessions where local Maasai landowners could voice their concerns, ask questions, and gain clarity on how the project would impact their land use. The barazas were instrumental in fostering transparent communication between project implementers and local stakeholders, allowing for an inclusive decision-making process that respected Maasai traditions and community dynamics.

  • Culturally Respectful Engagement Methods: Conducting barazas, a traditional community meeting format, allowed project leaders to approach discussions in a culturally appropriate manner.
  • Representation and Inclusion: Including landowners and community representatives ensured that diverse perspectives were heard and that decisions reflected the community's priorities.
  • Consistency and Follow-Up: Regular meetings provided a forum for ongoing dialogue and feedback, strengthening trust and adaptability to address any new concerns as the project progressed.
  • Transparency Builds Trust: Open and transparent discussions in barazas helped demystify the project’s goals, building trust and minimizing resistance among community members.
  • Community Ownership Leads to Better Alignment: When landowners are actively involved in the decision-making process, they are more likely to support and participate in the project, ensuring that interventions align with their land use priorities.
  • Iterative Feedback is Key: The regular nature of barazas provided continuous feedback, allowing the project to be responsive and adaptive to local needs and evolving challenges.
Ebauche de la Convention Locale, Pre-validation et Signature

Une ébauche de la CL est élaborée par les responsables définis lors de l’assemblée de restitution. Puis une pré-validation de la CL est nécessaire pour donner la possibilité des concernées de réagir même avant l’assemblée de validation. 

Dans le cas de Conventions moins complexes et/ou de petite envergure la distribution du draft aux concernées et le recueil des observations peut suffire. Dans les cas des CL complexes une assemblée de pré-validation est conseillé. A part des usagers et chefferie traditionnelle à mettre un accent particulier sur la commune et les ST. 

Lors d’une assemblée de validation, un rappel de tout le processus d’élaboration de la CL mène à la présentation de l’ébauche de la CL. Cette présentation doit être exhaustive. Plus les différentes parties prenantes étaient impliqués auparavant, moins il y aura des amendements. 

Le résultat attendu est une convention finalisée et signée par toutes les parties, conférant un cadre légal et moral aux actions de restauration. 

Outils :  Comme déjà au moment des assemblées précédents les outils de visualisation et de structuration des discussions jouent un rôle très important.

  • Assemblées inclusives pour révision et approbation.
  • Pour assurer que les discussions vont en profondeur, la distribution des textes des ébauches avant la tenue de l’assemblée est conseillée
Campagne d’information et Lancement du processus d’élaboration de CL

Souvent le besoin pour l’élaboration d’une CL est senti par une partie des concernés seulement. C’est la raison pour laquelle une campagne d’information et de sensibilisation concernant la problématique, les dangers et atouts de la ressource est obligatoire avant le démarrage des négociations.

A ce moment, la notion de Convention Locale et sa relation par rapport aux autres types de planification doit être clarifiée, ainsi que la suite des étapes pour son élaboration.

Une assemblée de lancement facilitera l’information des concernés sur les résultats déjà disponibles et le processus d’élaboration de la CL. 

Afin d’atteindre une représentativité il est important que les populations concernées, les usagers, les OP, la chefferie traditionnelle y compris les chefs de terre sont impliqués dans ce processus (voir étape précédente).  Lors de l’assemblée de lancement les différents groupes d’intérêt se rencontrent et les premières discussions sont lancées. 

Par la suite un Comité de Pilotage (CP) pour l’élaboration de la CL, et selon besoin, des groupes de travail thématiques (groupe analyse ressource, groupe élaboration règles, …) sont installés. Finalement les activités et étapes à venir sont planifiées dans le temps.

Outils : Rencontres en tête-à-tête, outils de visualisation (cartes, schémas), exemples pratiques de CL existantes.

  • Outils de communication efficaces et réunions inclusives
  • Si possible organisation de visites d’échange avec des CL réussis.
  • Les campagnes de sensibilisation augmentent l’adhésion et la participation locales
  • Ne pas continuer le processus en cas de conflits territoriales ou intérêts fortement divergentes
Participatory Forest Management Planning (PFMP) AND AGREEMENTS

Covering approximately 2,550 hectares across Mtwapa, Takaungu, and Kilifi mangrove forests, the MTAKIMAU Mangrove PFMP (2024–2028) was developed through a highly participatory process involving the Mtakimau Community Forest Association (CFA), Kenya Forest Service (KFS), WWF-Kenya, and local stakeholders. Prepared under Section 47(1) of the Forest Conservation and Management Act (2016), the plan defines sustainable management practices, conservation priorities, and community benefit-sharing models. It was based on extensive data collection, including forest assessments, household surveys, and community dialogues. The PFMP ensures that community aspirations, ecosystem integrity, and biodiversity conservation are balanced for long-term resilience.

  • Strong technical leadership by KFS and WWF-Kenya.
  • National legal framework (Forest Conservation and Management Act, 2016) mandating PFMPs.
  • Active involvement of adjacent communities through the Local Planning Review Team (LPRT).
  • Availability of financial resources to support a participatory approach.
  • Early and continuous community engagement builds trust and ensures ownership of the plan.
  • Combining scientific assessments with local knowledge enhances the quality and relevance of management strategies.
  • Clear linkage between conservation objectives and socio-economic benefits motivates community support.
Strengthening Community Governance through CFAs

The Mtakimau Community Forest Association (CFA) was revitalized through restructuring and governance capacity building. Moving from village-based groupings to individual membership registration improved accountability, transparency, and participation. Training sessions on Environmental and Social Safeguards, grievance mechanisms, and leadership strengthened the ability of the CFA to manage forest resources sustainably.

  • Active support from Kenya Forest Service and WWF-Kenya to CFA.

     
  • Community willingness to restructure and formalize membership.

     
  • Legal recognition of CFAs under Kenya’s Forest Act.
  • Early community sensitization and leadership buy-in are critical for successful restructuring.

     
  • Capacity building must continue even after restructuring to maintain momentum.

     
  • Elections and leadership renewal must be facilitated to keep the CFA vibrant.
Network establishment, Participatory and Sustainable Management Plan for Okomu National Park

Park-adjacent communities, local, state and federal government and non-government stakeholders are actively working together in the revision and implementation of a collaborative management plan for the Okomu National Park (ONP).

With financial support from the BIOPAMA AC Medium Grant and the Nigerian Conservation Foundation (NCF), SCERA has supported the conservation efforts of Okomu National Park for almost two years. In January 2024, SCERA commenced activities during the first OBSP meeting in 2024 to support the Okomu National Park in the development of a participatory management plan. Subsequently, a workshop brought together local stakeholders to provide their inputs and agree on a roadmap for the development of the management plan. 

 

This project initiated a participatory process for development of the management plan for the ONP. This could not be completed under this grant for various reasons, including a protracted process of establishing the government’s preference as there was an existing draft of the management plan. It was eventually decided that the old draft was inadequate and a new management plan was required, which was outside the scope of this project. The management plan for the ONP still has to be developed to guide conservation interventions for the effective management of the ONP. A management plan framework has been developed and should be used as a guide for the development of an effective participatory management plan. A participatory approach to the development of the management plan was proposed under this project and this is necessary to deepen the cooperation between the park and adjacent communities in the effective conservation and management of the ONP. 

Further engagement of communities under this grant, has resulted in a major increase in communities represented in the last OBSP which held on the 21st of August, 2023. This is the first time we are having 11 out of the 12 communities represented. Also, there were communities where we could not carry out activities previously but now most of them are more welcoming, open and willing to work with us.

 

Working with Government & Legal Setup

Successfully establishing and scaling a social enterprise like a pad factory requires careful coordination with government authorities and strict compliance with legal requirements. This building block focuses on creating a strong foundation by building trust, ensuring legality, and protecting the enterprise from future risks.

The first step involves informing local and national government bodies about your project plans and activities. Regular communication not only builds transparency and trust but also makes it easier to gain support when needed. It ensures that the enterprise is seen as a responsible and contributing part of the community's development.

Secondly, it is crucial to coordinate with local or provincial offices to confirm that the factory is located appropriately and meets all zoning, operational, and environmental requirements. Early consultation helps avoid future legal complications and promotes smoother project implementation.

Before any physical construction begins, the enterprise must complete all legal steps, such as securing land use permits, building approvals, and environmental clearances. This process prevents future disputes and ensures that the factory is legally protected at every stage.

If the enterprise plans to import machinery or raw materials from abroad (for example, from India and Chaina), it is essential to follow all import rules, including documentation and tax payments. Compliance with import regulations helps avoid customs delays, penalties, and additional operational costs.

Further, to operate legally in the market, the enterprise must register officially and gain approval to sell its products, such as sanitary pads. Official registration enhances the company’s credibility among customers, partners, and regulatory bodies, opening doors to wider distribution opportunities.

Finally, it is critical to insure the factory, machinery, and assets against potential risks like fire, natural disasters, burglary, or other damages. Having appropriate insurance coverage provides financial protection and ensures business continuity even during unforeseen events.

By following these structured steps, the enterprise not only secures its legal standing but also strengthens its reputation, improves sustainability, and creates a solid platform for growth and social impact.

  • Transparent Communication: Sharing project plans early with government builds trust.
  • Understanding Legal Requirements: Knowing laws and regulations ensures smooth operation.
  • Strong Local Relationships: Good ties with local offices help in faster approvals.
  • Timely Legal Compliance: Completing permits and registrations early prevents delays.
  • Insurance Coverage: Protects the enterprise against damages or losses.
  • Hire Local Staff
    Hiring local people provides more than just employment opportunities, it builds trust, improves communication, and creates smoother coordination with community members and local authorities. Locals understand the cultural and political dynamics and can help navigate formal and informal systems more effectively.
  • Visit Similar Factories First
    Before setting up your own facility, visit other factories, especially those producing sanitary pads or similar products. Learning from their challenges and operations can save you from repeating mistakes. You’ll better understand what machinery to use, what space you’ll need, how to manage waste, and how to streamline operations.
  • Secure and Legalize Land Early
    Before starting any construction, ensure that you have the correct amount of land required for your facility. Consider space for production, storage, waste management, and possible future expansion. Make sure land ownership or lease documents are fully legal and registered to avoid future disputes.
  • Evaluate Surroundings Carefully
    Survey the neighboring properties and evaluate your factory’s impact on the local environment and community. Avoid locations too close to residential zones or schools that might raise noise or hygiene concerns. A peaceful relationship with neighbors ensures long-term sustainability.
  • Ensure Road Access for Transport
    A factory must be accessible by road, especially for the transport of raw materials, machinery, and finished products. Good road connectivity reduces logistic costs, speeds up delivery, and enables regular visits from partners, government, or donors.
  • Start Government Communication Early
    Informing local and national government bodies from the beginning builds transparency and trust. Officials who understand your goals are more likely to support your work or provide valuable guidance, making your operations smoother and more credible.
  • Understand Local Regulations Thoroughly
    Be aware of legal requirements such as construction permits, environmental clearances, import duties, and licensing rules. Complying with these from the beginning prevents delays, fines, or shutdowns. Seek legal consultation when needed.
  • Get Proper Insurance
    Factory operations involve risks like fire, theft, and natural disasters. Insuring your buildings, equipment, and products protects you financially and offers peace of mind, especially in emergencies.
  • Budget for Legal and Administrative Costs
    Often underestimated, these costs can include permits, taxes, legal consultations, and registration fees. Having a buffer in your budget for such expenses ensures your progress isn’t stalled by unplanned costs.
  • Collaborate with Local NGOs and INGOs
    Identify local organizations that work on women’s health, empowerment, or education. They can be strong partners for community engagement, awareness campaigns, and advocacy efforts. Their networks and local trust can help scale your impact more quickly.

 

Transboundary Marine Conservation Area (TBCA)

Transboundary conservation areas (TBCAs) are designated regions that extend across international borders and are collaboratively managed by multiple nations or administrative divisions. These areas are pivotal for biodiversity conservation and ecological connectivity, serving as vital corridors for wildlife migration and fostering cooperation in preserving shared ecosystems. The significance of TBCAs is underscored by their role in addressing the challenges posed by habitat fragmentation and climate change, as they encompass large, ecologically critical regions that facilitate the movement of species and support the resilience of natural habitats.

International community has increasingly recognized the value of TBCAs, leading to the establishment of various initiatives and agreements to enhance collaboration among nations. Africa hosts at least 27 TBCAs, approximated to cover an area of 847,158 square km. TBCAs have become an important tool for promoting environmental sustainability and diplomatic relations between neighboring countries. These areas serve as platforms for dialogue and cooperation, addressing the paradox of globalization and the challenges posed by militarized interstate disputes in conservation efforts. 

The Kenya-Tanzania Transboundary Marine Conservation Area (TBCA) delivers ecological, socio-economic, and governance benefits. It links vital habitats like mangroves, seagrass, and coral reefs, supporting biodiversity, species migration, and ecosystem resilience to climate change. The TBCA provides annual ecosystem services ranging between US$127–229 million/year (UNEP, 2023). Eco-tourism and recreational services contribute an additional US$65-117 million annually, improving livelihoods and advancing conservation efforts.

Regional and local efforts by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), Nairobi Convention, Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association (WIOMSA), and other institutions have aimed to address transboundary issues in East Africa’s coastal and marine ecosystems. Identified challenges required tailored management strategies to mitigate and minimize externalities and negative impacts, prompting conservation initiatives across Western Indian Ocean (WIO) countries. Regional decisions, starting with the 8th COP of the Nairobi Convention (2015) emphasized transboundary conservation areas and joint management efforts to meet international targets and improve ecosystem governance. The Decision was supported by a technical report jointly developed by Kenya Wildlife Service and Tanzania Marine Parks and Reserves Unit. This was followed in 2019 by reviewing coordination mechanisms and institutional capacity to implement TBCA, supported through the Indian Ocean Commission. In 2020, the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and WIOMSA initiated a project to integrate the Kenya-Tanzania TBCA into the broader WIO Marine Protected Area network through a comprehensive conservation plan.

Through the TBCA, collaborative research between Kenya and Tanzania focuses on biodiversity monitoring, climate change mitigation and ecosystem health. Integrating local and indigenous knowledge into conservation efforts enriches scientific insights and ensures inclusivity, enhancing the effectiveness of strategies. 

COMMUNITY DIALOGUE MEETINGS

Community meetings (barazas) were conducted in November 2024 in 7 selected BMUs within the Vanga-Shimoni seascape. These BMUs included Vanga, Jimbo, Majoreni, Kibuyuni, Mkwiro, Shimoni, and Wasini; and were selected based on their general proximity to the Kenya-Tanzania border and their active conservation efforts. 

A total of 175 participants participated in community Barazas; each BMU being represented by 25 participants. The representation in the barazas was based on gender, age, as well as memberships of either BMU or Community Forest Associations (CFAs) in the area. The meeting program included presentations on the TBCA concept, group work, and interactive plenary sessions . Break-out sessions were included to further dig for additional information on threats facing coastal and marine resources within their areas, current interventions, as well as community perceptions of the TBCA concept.

Following the presentation, participants were divided into different breakout groups where they identified and discussed the following: (i) Perceived impacts of TBCA upon implementation, (ii) Conservation issues within the TBCA and their root causes, and (iii) Current interventions and proposed solutions to the identified problems. Each group got to present the results of the discussions during a plenary session. 

Fishbone Analytical Tool was employed as a participatory method to engage BMU members in identifying and analyzing root causes of issues affecting operations and ecosystems within their seascape. Members of BMUs were briefed on the purpose and structure of the tool, ensuring they understood how it could be used to dissect complex problems systematically. They were then split into two groups to ensure focused collaboration, with each group tasked with creating a fishbone diagram for a specific issue relevant to their BMU areas or operational challenges.

The process began with the groups defining a clear problem statement, which was placed at the "head" of the fishbone diagram. From there, members identified major categories of contributing factors, such as environmental, financial, social, regulatory, and operational aspects, which were represented as "bones" branching out from the main spine. Within each category, the groups brainstormed on potential causes, breaking them down into smaller, more specific factors that could contribute to the problem. This hierarchical structure facilitates a detailed analysis, where each category can be further examined to uncover underlying issues. 

Once the issues were populated, the groups reconvened to present their findings to the full team. This collective sharing enabled cross-group learning; and allowed identification of recurring themes or interconnections between categories. Through this participatory and systematic process, members of the BMU were not only able to map out the root causes of their challenges but also to prioritize areas requiring immediate intervention.

Following the Questions and Answers session, participants showed consensus to the establishment of the Kenya-Tanzania TBCA by show of hands. Finally, the participants nominated 3 representatives (male, female and youth) from each BMU to attend a community representative meeting. 

Engaging local communities in planning and implementation of TBCA is vital. Education and awareness-creating initiatives should empower communities to actively contribute to conservation while ensuring equitable access to benefits.