Restoration model for agroforestry plots and mobilization of local skills

With a view to perfectly replicating the restoration model in the field, with the aim of having a single basis for assessing the plantations of beneficiary households and the contribution of local expertise, the F4F project has set up a group of actors known as "Encadreur ou Ambassadeur". These are 23 young people from the project's 5 cantons who have been trained and equipped in the restoration model. Their task is to support each beneficiary household in carrying out planting activities. The households' contribution (20%) consisted of site preparation work, finding stakes and staking, planting and maintaining the seedlings. The project plans to award prizes to encourage the best households.

  • Local skills available within the grassroots community
  • Good understanding of the restoration model by beneficiary households
  • Agreement of landowners
  • An agreement between the farmer and the landowner is essential before any action is taken in the field, otherwise there is a risk of sabotage and vandalism of the plantations.
  • Guaranteeing security of tenure for landowners
  • A definition of the key to the distribution of usufruits linked to the exploitation of border plantations.
  • Involvement of transhumant Peulhs in restoration activities (awareness-raising and compromise on grazing management), as Cajanus cajan is highly appreciated by cattle.
Promotion of local village nurseries for the production of forest and agroforestry seedlings

To achieve the objective of mobilizing all social strata, in particular young people and women, the F4F project has opted for the production of seedlings (required for restoration) by local village nurseries. This option has the advantage of avoiding the long distances involved in transporting seedlings, and above all of helping to increase the incomes of young people and women. In addition to the 8 nursery groups, F4F proposed to encourage and support other nursery groups, bringing the total to 18 groups spread across the 5 project cantons. The 18 groups were trained (2 members per group) and provided with production inputs (seeds and nursery equipment). Each group received close advisory support and financial backing for the production of higher-quality seedlings. The seedlings produced were transported by the same actors to the restoration sites during planting activities.

  • Availability and willingness of young people and women to participate in project activities,
  • Collaboration with existing nursery groups set up by previous projects,
  • Initial technical capacity building (training) of groups (2 members per group, old and new),
  • Good mastery of local species silviculture by nursery groups;

Technical, material and financial support from the project to each nursery group.

  • Rapid appropriation of production techniques by members of the new groups.
  • Good organization and perfect control of time and schedule (site preparation, seed acquisition, setting up nurseries in germinators or direct sowing), which forms the basis for the production of vigorous, well-weeded seedlings;
  • Protection of the production site from roaming animals and unauthorized access;
  • timely availability of plants for restoration activities.
Farmland restoration model

The agroforestry ecosystem restoration model proposed by the F4F-GIZ-DFS project is the fruit of a concept note validated by the relevant technical departments of the Ministries of Agriculture and the Environment, and by local authorities and grassroots communities. It involves the establishment of agro-forestry plantations on the plots of land of households that have voluntarily agreed, with the consent of the landowners, to put at least 0.5 ha of their farmland under restoration, while continuing agricultural production on the restored plot. The aim of these plantations is to increase crop yields, the carbon sequestration capacity of agroforestry parks and the income of beneficiary households, for greater socio-economic and environmental well-being in the Tchamba prefecture.

  • Design and validation of the concept note by the technical departments of the ministries concerned, local authorities, NGOs and grassroots communities.
  • The restoration model is a combination of existing endogenous practices in the area.
  • Good collaboration between the project team, local authorities and grassroots communities.
  • It was crucial to maintain the interest and support of local communities in the process. This required ongoing communication and awareness-raising.
  • Guaranteeing land tenure security for landowners was of paramount importance for the adoption of the model.
Restoration of agricultural plots for beneficiary households

Using a participatory, inclusive and non-discriminatory approach, beneficiary households are identified through awareness-raising workshops in all project villages. The principle is voluntary and unconstrained, and includes the restoration of at least 0.5 ha of cultivated land capital for each farming household. Each plot is inventoried, geolocated and mapped. The condition of each plot (cultivation history, yield, trees present, etc.) is established and well documented. The restoration of the plot is carried out bilaterally, with each party contributing its share: the project 80% (payment of ambassadors, provision of seedlings, contribution to site preparation, etc.) and the household 20% (in kind, search for stakes, planting, maintenance of the plantation).

  • Strong collaboration between former GIZ projects (ProREDD, ProENERGIE, IWP),
  • Availability and good integration of the implementation team (DFS team),
  • Commitment and active participation of all local administrative authorities (prefectoral, communal and cantonal) in the activities;
  • The participatory and inclusive approach, with support for community leaders at grassroots level. This involves support, especially for landowners, from the prefect, mayors of the three communes, canton chiefs and village chiefs. In fact, the land does not belong to the farmers or farming households. The owners' agreement was required to place these areas under restoration.
  • Simple household selection criteria, voluntary and inclusive participation
  • A combination of appropriate local governance and the communication process proved successful.
  • Compromise reached between landowners and farmers for the distribution of the usufruct linked to the harvesting of energy wood, without however hindering previous negotiations between these two categories of stakeholder.
  • Involvement of transhumant herders and peuhles in activities (awareness-raising) to reduce the negative impact on plantations.
Data Quantification and Database Establishment

Import the raw data of sound into Adobe Audition 3.0 or Avisoft-SASLab Pro sound analysis software, resampled (Sample size: 44100 Hz; Window size: 1024 points), and then saved separately in WAV format. High-quality waveforms and sonograms were selected to measure characteristics of Hainan gibbons’ calls, to analyze the differences in acoustic indexes between individuals, and to build a database of Hainan gibbon sound patterns on an individual basis. Then, perform individual sound recognition using the implemented sound recognition model. Finally, the effectiveness of the sound acquisition is evaluated, and the accuracy of the sound recognition is assessed. Among them, the evaluation of the sound recognition effect is done mainly by comparing with the field research and other sound monitoring results.

Based on the acquired time-frequency domain characteristics of Hainan gibbons, the parameters used for automatic recognition were determined in conjunction with the vocal database. The selected time-frequency parameters were imported into the automatic recognition software and the developed algorithm program to automatically identify and extract Hainan gibbon calls from the recordings. Information such as the number of gibbons that may be present in the sound data is evaluated by different clustering and discriminative methods.

The fully-automated acoustic monitoring equipment is of vital use for data processing in this project. The transmitted sound data is automatically stored in Huawei cloud space. Once the Hainan biodiversity sound pattern Huawei cloud database be established, individual sound recognition could be realized.

Sound Recording Equipment layout and installation

Based on the research results, combined with the coverage of 4G signal, a set of domestic automatic sound recording equipment with 4G signal, which has a real-time transmission function (product model: LBird-01211) was installed in the typical environment of Hainan gibbons in the Bawangling Reserve.  

The field research results showed that group C and group E have strong 4G signal coverage, which can meet the remote transmission conditions for recording equipment as tested by technicians. Therefore, three and two sets of equipment were chosen to be deployed in group C and group E respectively.

The equipment analyzes the remotely acquired sound data including the environment and location information and tries to practice individual vocal recognition in the layout area from the perspective of sounding.

The Creole Language Academy

The Creole Language Academy is the authorised body to approve new words into the Creole language. Officially, the collaboration with them was essential to elgitimise the exercise and to obtain official new words and terms for seagrass. On the other hand, the Academy's input was essential in ensuring that the cultural element of the naming process was maintained.

 

Transparency was a key element in the process to ensure everyone was kept in the know of any developments. A committee of linguists, conservationists and scientists was created to filter findings from the public before submission to the Academy. 

To introduce a new word into a language, there's firstly an official process which needs to be followed. It is important to identify all the steps and actors which play a role in this exercise. The Committee which was set up was important in adding legitimacy and support to the process - all key players had to feel that they were involved and that was a good way to get them to collaborate and exhange ideas. This also faciliated the work of the Academy as the words and terms which were submitted had been well thought out.

 

The Public Survey

A nation-wide survey was carried out to reach different groups of the general public. The survey served two functions, 1. to gather information and 2. to engage people to understand what the exercise was about and to raise awareness on seagrass. Survey could be accessed on line via the website but was promoted on the radio, print media and social media.

Awareness of the survey was important as was adding images in the survey document to make it friendly and also fun.

Print copies of the survey were used to access the fishing community. District administrators were engaged to facililtate the process as they knew members of their dictricts more intimately. 

If is wasn't for Covid-19 restrictions, the project would have solicitated the help of university students to reach more members of the fishing community.

Field Research

From late November 2021 to early December 2021, the Hainan Institute of National Park (HINP) conducted field research in and around the five family groups (group A - E) of gibbons in the reserve with the participation of relevant experts and staff from the Bawangling Reserve. The research has set up 8 stationed sites and 21 surveillance sites, covering the habitat of each Hainan gibbon population, with 48 team members participating simultaneously.

  • Past data accumulation of Hainan gibbons monitoring
  • Participation of experienced experts
  • Support from the Hainan Institute of National Park (HINP)

The field research has provided data support for the protection of Hainan gibbons, and played a key role in timely grasping information and formulating conservation plans.

Low start-up and running costs

A number of different reptile species are farmed in Vietnam, ranging from small turtles and lizards to large pythons and crocodiles. Production scales are equally diverse, ranging from micro to industrial factory farms. Market entry requirements for some species are minimal, and many production models can be synergised with existing livelihood strategies at minimal cost. For example, snake farming can compliment seasonal rice growing via free ecological pest management (i.e., harvesting rodent pests to feed farmed snakes).

Enclosure materials are typically cheap and readily available (e.g., similar to backyard poultry). Vertically orientated housing designs, low waste output, and minimal freshwater requirements allow for commercially viable production models at the micro-scale in high density urban settings.

Volatile trends in the food and fashion industry and public perceptions of reptile products can impact the viability of small-scale, independent entities. The recent COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in the closure of some small-scale farms that rely on meat exports. Stabilising supply and demand dynamics is essential for the long term viability and growth of the industry.