Participatory Monitoring

A team composed of representatives from the target community, local NGOs, and local government agencies monitors the progress of project implementation and its individual activities on a regular basis. This allows to adapt plans and to modify implementation whenever required to ensure successful completion and fulfilling expectations of all stakeholders.

Conditions for adoption elsewhere:

  • Capacity building in participatory instruments and understanding through training
  • Good relationships between cooperating partners

A team composed of representatives from the target community, local NGOs, and local government agencies monitors the progress of project implementation and its individual activities on a regular basis. This allows to adapt plans and to modify implementation whenever required to ensure successful completion and fulfilling expectations of all stakeholders.

Multi-Stakeholder Partnership for eco-friendly Diving
Build public and private partnerships and capacity of resource managers using a multi-disciplinary approach; e.g. training workshops, multi-stakeholder dialogue, in-country volunteers to support the national project team, underwater and beach clean-up events. Institutionalisation of the Green Fins approach within national regulatory frameworks and processes governing tourism industries ensures long-term commitment and sustainability.
• Political will and commitment in each country is a necessary prerequisite to ensure sustainability. • Financial and professional support to start and maintain the multi-stakeholder process and capacity building activities.
The transparent, neutral and open approach has proven successful to improve or build relationships between public and private partners. Education and awareness of relevant stakeholders and communities are valuable resources to this process. To render capacity building effective for project implementation on both national and local levels, a clear focus of local and national management teams is paramount. While local management teams should focus on grassroots execution, national management teams should focus on leveraging national support and legal frameworks to support long term implementation. The cooperation between Reef-World and UNEP supported the promotion and replication of Green Fins successes within the international conservation sector. Reef-World have supported the inception, implementation and expansion of Green Fins in all of the 6 currently active countries and so enabling effective communication of lessons learned and best practice.
Environmental Assessment of Dive Centres
This is a practical and effective tool for assisting dive centres in implementing the environmental standards. The Green Environmental Assessment Rating System (GEARS) is used to assess the day-to-day practices of dive/snorkel centres against set criteria to measure their adherence to each Code of Conduct. Scores identify nature and urgency for improvements. Certification and free promotion on the Green Fins webpage act as incentives for eco-friendly dive tourism.
• Dive and/or snorkel centres willing to participate in the rating system • Qualified Green Fins Assessors (competent divers) and/or Coordinators who have access to the location and resources to support annual assessments and training for the dive/snorkel centres as required. Training and qualifications are overseen by Reef-World. These individuals cannot be involved directly with a specific dive centre, but may be freelance dive professionals, public employees, NGO staff or community members.
Certified membership of participating dive centres is granted after the first assessment, a joint decision on three realistic actions to implement, and the possibility to become one of the 10 top members are good incentives to improve environmental awareness and eco-friendly dive operations. If no improvement is recorded after two yearly assessments, free membership can be suspended or withdrawn from a dive centre – a valuable quality control tool. The annual Green Fins training and associated environmental consultation on how to implement the three feedback goals over the next year is a success factor. This assessment can balance lack of legal frameworks governing tourism industry practices and deficiencies in monitoring and enforcement capacities of local governments. The Green Fins systems encourage local dive and snorkel centres to unite and work together on local environmental issues and develop strategic outreach campaigns to address these issues.
Rewards and Incentives
The national incentive system for FARMC, a regular programme in BFAR, serves to recognize outstanding FARMCs and FARMC coordinators that may act as role models. It includes cash prizes, trophies and appreciation by the President of the Philippines that are regularly awarded in accordance to a nationwide evaluation process.
Conditions for adoption elsewhere: • Governmental recognition of the importance of fisheries and aquaculture • Governmental acknowledgement of efforts and achievements due to cooperation amongst stakeholders, particularly the contributions by local fisherfolk.
The recognition of good work and leadership is appreciated and helps to sustain if not boosting participation, commitment and engagement of FARMC stakeholders and coordinators. It enhances partnership and cooperation amongst group members and creates healthy competition amongst FARMCs. Champions act as models for emulation and inspiration of other and new FARMCs. It is, however, important to establish a transparent and equitable evaluation and awarding process.
Inclusion of Fisherfolk Leaders
Regular participation and consultation of fisherfolk leaders is sought from the beginning. These leaders are appropriate advocates for responsive and effective co-management planning and implementation since they are directly affected and speak the language of coastal dwellers.
Conditions for adoption elsewhere: • Community leaders who are willing to sacrifice their time and share their talents for the common good. • Government workers who genuinely believe in the principle of people empowerment, social equity, partnerships.
Regular consultation and consideration of input from stakeholders at community level, including fisherfolk and their leaders from formulation of implementing guidelines up to policy implementation is a key factor for ownership and empowerment. Involving resource users in the management process makes them aware of resource status and need for proper management to sustain the basis for their livelihood. Awareness favours active participation, cooperation and compliance with rules and regulations. Contributions of fisherfolk and other resource users based on their local knowledge and long experience in the target area are complementary to scientific and technical expert input. Financial valuation of ecosystem services makes aware resource users of the economic importance of ecosystems that they rely on. It is effective in helping decision makers and managers to prioritise fisheries and aquaculture.
Regional FARMC Program Management Centres
Regional FARMC Programme Management Centres established in every region of the Philippines facilitate all programme activities. Their designated programme coordinators work directly under the supervision of the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (DA-BFAR) regional directors. DA-BFAR supports the implementation at all levels both logistically and technically and in cooperation with partner agencies including local government units.
Conditions for adoption elsewhere: • Legal framework (the 1998 Philippine Fisheries Code, Republic Act No. 8550 mandates the creation of FARMCs, defines responsibilities and authority of stakeholders and decisive engagement of fisherfolk in coastal resource and fisheries management. The Fisheries Administrative Order No. 196 defined FARMCs implementation process). • Will and commitment of government and community leaders; • Funding and human resources.
Resource users, when given the right opportunities in a proper context can be partners of the government for the management of fisheries and aquatic resources. They can be responsible resource users and be active participants in efforts targeting sustainable use of marine resources. Adequate support mechanisms in terms of a legal framework and definition of responsibilities and authorities, technical expertise, funding and logistics are needed to make co-management successful. Co-management poses many challenges requiring perseverance, commitment and strong conviction of all partners and stakeholders to overcome the many constraints and difficulties for planning and implementing co-management.
National FARMC Program Management Centre
The Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (DA-BFAR) established this national centre that implements and coordinates the national Fisheries and Aquatic Resource Management Council (FARMC) program of the Philippine government. It is charged with the facilitation, coordination and spearheading program implementation nationwide. Strategies and policies to enhance program execution are formulated and based on regular program evaluation.
Conditions for adoption elsewhere: • Legal framework (the 1998 Philippine Fisheries Code, Republic Act No. 8550 mandates the creation of FARMCs, defines responsibilities and authority of stakeholders and decisive engagement of fisherfolk in coastal resources and fisheries management. The Fisheries Administrative Order No. 196 defined FARMC implementation process). • Will and commitment of government and community leaders; • Funding and human resources.
The support provided by governmental agencies and fisherfolk from local communities, including their leaders is a paramount factor of successfully establishing the FARMC and implementation of the programme. Due to the legal framework and the strong cooperation and participation of all stakeholders concerned, government agencies and entities that were first unwilling to share power could be convinced to cooperate. However, this is a challenging process. Solutions for inadequate financial and logistical support due to the lack of programme funding, and lack of technical personnel to provide assistance are common problems that need to be taken into account during the planning, inception and implementation phases. National and international partner organisations may be alternative options to be assessed.
Vulnerability assessment

Suitable sites are identified and prioritized based on the potential of successful mangrove rehabilitation to reduce vulnerability in the face of climate change. In the case of Silonay, mangrove rehabilitation was identified as a solution to storm surge vulnerability.

  • Existence of remaining mangrove areas;
  • Technical know-how and funding from NGO partners;
  • Community and local government awareness of ecosystem services benefits of mangroves and other marine resources.

People who benefit from the habitats, species and sites (and the services they provide) should be involved in managing them and making decisions about the project. Vulnerability assessments should be done at both, the municipal and village level. Results of vulnerability assessments should be disseminated to key local and national policy makers and local chief executives and community leaders so they can take action to address key vulnerabilities.

Capacity Building of Stakeholders

SPC offers a number of regional and local training and capacity building programmes for national and state government officials as well as community representatives. These teach management and specific skills at all levels of expertise. This process supports the sustainability of CEAFM.

  • Assess the willingness of the political counterparts to accept “outside” support and ability to sustainably implement and follow up the gained know-how during the training.

It is very often difficult to guarantee that the officers trained actually stay in their jobs for a sufficient timeframe to actually be able to implement the skills gained during the trainings. Therefore it is advisable to include a more systemic approach that includes e.g. institutional capacity building in the respective agency.

Local Site Implementing Teams

The community engagement and behavior adoption campaigns were co-developed and implemented by teams based in the communities.  They were usually composed of staff from the local government unit and local community leaders, like fisher leaders or organizers.  They were the ones that received the training and provided with the tools and resources.  They adapted the strategies to suit their own context, came up with execution ideas, and rolled out the activities.

Official designation by the local chief executive (mayor) • Representation from stakeholders other than the local government • Credibility and standing in the community

Best to have a team of at least three, so that the work does not become overwhelming, and so diverse talents and interests are available to the team.   The ideal mix has someone who is well-embedded in government, who can secure approvals and budgets, someone who is creative and able to use basic tools for design, and someone who is well-accepted by the community who knows how to engage and facilitate.  They should all know how to mobilize volunteers, and have some basic skills in project management.