Machiya Heritage Network and the Machiya Matching Project

27 organizations including experts on machiya preservation, NPOs, NGOs, and Kyoto City gathered to form the Machiya Heritage Network. Their flagship initiative is a matching project called “Match-Ya”. Match-Ya is a platform connecting machiya owners and potential residents or business owners interested in the utilization of machiya. From the supply side, the current situation is that many machiya are already unused and empty, but their owners are not sure what they can do with their machiya and whose advice to seek. From the demand side, many business owners are interested in utilizing machiya for new businesses, often combining traditional values and modern industries. By reaching out to Match-Ya, both owners and potential buyers or tenants can access consultation services and support from the Machiya Heritage Network members in areas such as real estate, law, financing, building regulations, public subsidies, etc. They can further collaborate with designers to create business plans, advertisements, and public relation strategies. If the requirements of the owners and the aspirations of the tenant matches, then the machiya can be utilized for a new purpose. To date, several successful matchings have already been made.

  • Collaboration of the city and various organizations to form a network with the aim of machiya preservation

  • Establishing a platform where both machiya owners and potential buyers or tenants can access consultation services and support from assorted experts to utilize machiya

Preservation of Kyo-machiya is a perfect example of coordinated efforts by the local governments, residents, companies, businesses, and private players for cultural development. Process of restoring Kyo-machiya is a participatory and consultative process, and the stakeholders have been forthcoming in contributing resources and taking ownership of the outcomes. It is noteworthy to understand that mobilizing stakeholders in this manner is critical to the success of the projects, especially those that demand high funding. This is achieved by making them equal partners and giving them autonomy in decision making, while supporting them with legal and financial aspects.

Special Loan Products for Machiya Conservation

Since 2010, public interest in machiya conservation has surged and banks have begun offering tailored restoration loans for these bygone architectural artifacts. Recently, the Kyoto Center for Community Collaboration created and issued “Machiya Karte”s, imitating the clinical records used in medical care. By documenting the uniqueness and value of each machiya building in a tangible form, the liquidity of machiya as a tradable good increased significantly. As a result, as of March 2018, three local banks have started special loan products for machiya renovation or utilization. For example, Kyoto Credit Bank provides both consumer (accommodation) loans and corporate loans. The former offers 1-100 million JPY at the interest rate of 1.8-2.0%, as opposed to the normal housing loan requiring 2.675%. The latter offers 30 or 50 million JPY at the interest rate of 1.2-2.3%, depending on the period and whether collateral is provided. From 2011 to 2017, the consumer loan product won 123 contracts, and the corporate loan product won 7 contracts.

  • The Machiya-Karte project documented the uniqueness and value of each machiya building in a tangible form

These loans are made possible by a public-private cooperative agency that certifies structures as legitimate machiya, provides banks with estimates of the necessary restoration work, and subsidizes each restoration project. These loan products, combined with other initiatives by Kyoto City and its partners, are expected to further boost the preservation, restoration, and utilization of machiya.

Grazing to Control Re-Sprouting and Prevent Forest Fires

To prevent the excessive re-sprouting of the thinned oak stands, and hence a higher chance of forest fires, the project recommended grazing the area with herds of goats during the years following the cutting operations as a mixture of silvopastoral interventions (oak stand thinning and grazing control) . All of these activities will eventually take pressure off the Cedar trees in the core zone of the Reserve.

Through understanding the grazing pressure, livestock numbers were managed by number and season so that the ground surface and habitat were not degraded.

One of the major lessons learned related to this block is the complementarity of nature: we were designing a project related to forest management, and one of the successful solutions was to resort to goats to prevent re-sprouting. It allowed the understanding of the silvopastoral system by bringing the forest and livestock management system back into balance with each other.

Participatory Mapping combined with Integrated Geographical Information System

Merancang Ilir is located on the side of Segah River in Berau District, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The river is one of the biggest rivers in Berau. It is usually used by palm oil and coal mining company barge ships to carry Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and coal. Majority of the villages administration area across this river is acquired by those companies up to 80% of its administration area. But Merancang Ilir is a unique village, the people still believe that without those companies the people still have prosperity through agriculture. They also believe that by letting those companies in, it will not answer how to increase economic equality. To support those dreams we intend to help them to be economically independent in agriculture system. Before we begin to act, we need to do participatory mapping to gain more detailed knowledge of the current potential and problems of the village. Using GIS and conducting its basic training for the villagers, the people can establish strategies of development based on sustainable agriculture and agribusiness.

  • The village and its administration understand the concept and basic technique of mapping its potential resources after GIS basic training was held by us.
  • From the results of the mapping, the village understands how to construct a medium term plan.
  • Village administration understand about rules of village development area (conservation area, agribusiness area, and research area).
  • The villagers understand the concept and the mission from those plans and become active actors for their execution.
  • Using the most familiar and simplest words and deconstructing complex ideas into bricks of simple example and analogy to be explained to local people.
  • The locals understand how to construct a mapping plan, such as which data they are gathering, how to compile those data, and how to make basic analysis of those data and implement it into local policies and village development plan.
  • Besides spatial (general information of geographical condition and administrative border), social (general information of population profile), and sectoral mapping (specific information of village potential or condition such as agriculture, education, health, etc), key leader mapping must be executed in order to run the program smoothly; in addition, the next person in charge/leader must be from the local community to ensure the future sustainability of the program.
  • Understand which government agencies need to be collaborated with and how to establish a good relationship between the village and those agencies.
Building consensus among partners through consultation

Carry out coordination meetings between bicycle groups and CPY connectivity corridor promoter group  to define the budget, the route, the road map, the responsibilities and the message that will be transmitted in the current edition, for example: groups ethnic, spectacled bears - andean bears (Tremarctos Ornatus), mountain tapir (Tapirus pinchaque), water resource or etc.

In a second moment, all the actors meet: environmental authority, private company and aid institutions to agree on logistics, support issues and the contingency plan to ensure the safety of cyclists.

The structure and communication in a government space are key to the success of the event, sometimes it is complicated to handle certain conflicts for institutional leadership and protagonism.

  • Have a cooperation system.
  • Establish adequate communication channels.
  • Generate horizontal leadership, avoiding political and economic interests.
  • Be aware of a common goal
  • Leadership must be managed from civil society.
  • The management of the economic resources for the development of the event must be carried out by a civil society organization.
  • Interference of political interests in decisions should not be allowed.
  • The participation of private companies is the key to the sustainability.
  • The planning time should be about three months in advance.
Preserving Craftsmanship

Kyo-machiya are unique structures, built with an unusual architectural skills and craftsmanship. For keeping the craftsmanship intact, while renovating a Kyo-machiya, various people and organizations pool in their knowledge, including citizen’s groups who take the perspective of the property owner, local financial institutions, and real estate agents.

 

Community Collaboration University, under the aegis of Kyoto Center for Community Collaboration organized Kyo-machiya Revival Seminars. They provide opportunities to learn more about Kyo-machiya, such as - how it constructed, where the traditionally used materials are sourced from, how to manage and maintain it, how to inherit and rent it, and how to make it a better place to live in. These seminars give opportunity to learn about Kyo-machiya as an architectural form familiar to residents and how it can be revived.

  • Revival seminars that provide opportunities to learn more about Kyo-machiya as an architectural form familiar to residents and how it can be revived.

While such efforts have been arduous, special training from architects and craftsmen well versed in traditional Japanese structural design and carpentry, have helped in overcoming the challenges successfully. The trainings have created a platform for the future generations to learn from the machiya architecture and apply some traditional techniques to contemporary work.

Supporting Kyo-machiya Crowdfunding

In 2016, Kyoto City and the Kyoto Center for Community Collaboration launched a crowdfunding program for machiya aiming to tap into a wider range of funding sources. Eligible projects are renovations and utilization proposals of machiya, and since machiya are often used as lodgings or restaurants, projects in this program are mostly interior renovations for hotels and restaurants. Initially, the program provides a maximum of 1 million JPY to cover costs for preparing a crowdfunding proposal. Once the proposal has gathered more than half of the target amount of money, the program fills in the financial gap by maximum 3 million JPY. In fiscal year 2017, Kyoto City announced that the program will accept up to four project proposals. As of March 2018, there is one ongoing project that proposes to renovate a machiya into a traditional-style hotel and to create an open factory next door where visitors can experience the making of traditional goods. 

  • Collaboration of Kyoto City and the Kyoto Center for Community Collaboration to set up the supporting program for machiya crowdfunding.
  • City’s financial assistants to prepare crowdfunding proposals and fill in the financial gaps.
  • Utilizing an existing crowdfunding platform for renovation and utilization of machiya.

The increase in the number of funding options for renovation has increased the momentum in the restoration and use of Kyo-machiya. Innovative mechanisms involving private funds has decreased the dependence on national and municipal taxes, giving Kyo-machiya an independent identity and perhaps longer sustainability. 

Kyo-machiya Development Fund

Together with the Kyoto Center for Community Collaboration, Kyoto City established the Kyo-machiya Development Fund in 2005. This fund aims to promote the preservation, restoration, and utilization of machiya based on donations from residents, companies, and external supporters in addition to financing by both the national and local government. Another important aspect of this fund is that it is complementary to Kyoto City’s efforts to preserve machiya and the historic urban landscape. The number of machiya the local government can support is limited due to budget constraints. Currently, around 3,000 machiya are supported by Kyoto City. As illustrated in a gallery photo, the Machiya Development Fund provides support to machiya at the bottom of the pyramid and attempts to pull them up to a higher category, which is then considered for public support by the city. The Machiya Development Fund began with 150 million JPY in 2005. By March 2016, the Machiya Development Fund supported a total of 76 renovations and restorations of Kyo-machiya. The number of inquiries is recently increasing, and currently it is around 500 every year.

  • An initiative by the city and its partners to establish an innovative development fund to preserve, restore, and utilize machiya and the craftsmanship.

At the end of the day, fate of the projects is decided by the funds. This is truer for heritage conservation projects, which may not always find priority position in the list of infrastructure projects to be implemented. As governments' budget is limited, many owners of culturally important buildings and houses look for alternative funding sources to preserve their inheritance; otherwise they would demolish the structures and sell off the land. Innovation in financing has encouraged the machiya owners to retain the structures and not convert to other businesses or condominiums. This in turn has helped in keeping the heritage of Kyoto downtown intact and impacted the tourism of the city positively. 

Identifying the problem: Conducting economic instead of financial analysis

Agencies that manage national parks are accustomed to producing financial reports which deal with direct income and costs (including gate fees, concessions, resource royalties, etc.). However, this perspective fails to consider the wider economic effects of protected areas (PA), including their monetary value and the employment they generate for regional economies, which often amounts to many times the direct costs of running the park. 

Brazil manages a system of 334 federal PAs in a total of 170 million hectares. Despite the enormous size of the PAs system along with its important biodiversity, the associated budget has not been fully substantiated in Brazil. Additionally, it was still ambiguous with respect to the impact and value added of tourism via visitors’ spending due to lack of empirical research. Therefore, the purpose was to estimate the economic impacts of tourism in the federal system of PAs of Brazil.

 

Economic impact analysis describes the interrelationships between economic sectors. For example, visitors spend money in PAs and gateway communities, and their expenditures create and support local economic activity. 

Economic Analysis demonstrates the contribution of PAs to national and local economies through visitor spending on accommodation, transport, goods and services during their visit, indirect supply-chain spending, economic activity induced by the presence of the park, and park operations themselves.

PAs provide value in many forms, including ecosystem services, biodiversity conservation, human enjoyment, and conventional activity. This tool measures the contribution of parks to national and local economies through visitor spending on accommodation, transport, goods and services during their visit, indirect supply-chain spending, economic activity induced by the presence of the park, and park operations themselves.

 

Narrow financial analyses significantly under-value parks in the eyes of decision-makers, businesses, the media and the general public, compared to the larger economy stimulated by tourism expenditure.

 

To estimate the full value of parks and to raise greater public support, several countries have begun conducting economic analyses of wider park-related spending. These include for example the USA, , Canada, Australia,, Finland,  Namibia, South Africa, and the study case here, Brazil.

"Action learning" and monitoring to increase capacities and knowledge

Action learning is a process that involves the implementation of EbA activities, coupled with a practical capacity building program for scaling up results. The process, in addition to enhance local communities' capacities and skills, generates evidence on EbA benefits through the implementation of a monitoring system aiming at policy makers. Some elements and steps in the process are:

  1. Participatory assessment of communities’ socio-environmental vulnerability.
  2. Prioritization of mangrove restoration sites, as an EbA measure, based on assessment and in complementation to traditional knowledge.
  3. Participatory monitoring and evaluation of EbA effectiveness to food security. The research (22 families sample) aims to understand the benefits of restoration on their livelihoods.
  4. Capacity building process to strengthen natural resource management, local advocacy and adaptive capacities, through:
  • Trainings and exchanges of experience on adaptation to climate change, watershed and water management, and sustainable mangrove management.
  • Technical support provided to the communities, to jointly undertake mangrove forest restoration.
  • Joint monitoring activities. With tangible evidence, communities are able to raise awareness and gain political advocacy capacities and access to financial resources.
  • Due to a weak governmental presence locally, the communities have promoted their own self-organization through Development Associations and other local structures (e.g. Environmental Committees), making room also for leadership and mobilization by women, all of which result in increased social capital.
  • Working with both with formal community's (e.g. through Development Associations) and other local civil society  groups (e.g. Microbasin Committee) is key, as these entities have a direct interest in the success of the EbA measures to be implemented.
  • Local stakeholders can facilitate dissemination of the measures, and with it, their replication, as occurred with upstream communities in the Aguacate River basin, where takeholders became interested in the measures implemented downstream and proposed the creation of a broader forum (a 'Mangrove Alliance') for the entire Salvadoran coast.