International research stays

An annual international mobility program of 3 months per year was set up for all PhD students based in the countries of F4F implementation. The programme was designed in a way that all PhDs came to the host institution in Germany (ZALF) at the same time, in order to facilitate a structured PhD supervision system. Whilst in Germany, the stay consisted of multiple interlinked components, such as: desk-based research activities, integration in host institution’s meetings and events, joined workshops on project planning, methods trainings, reflections on PhD progress (chances and challenges), in-person status meetings with GIZ/F4F, as well as joined outreach activities including for example a symposia by GIZ and ZALF on restoration in the Global South in Bonn and a workshop on the concept of Accompanying research at TropentagConference2023 in Berlin. Students were also encourage to participate in further trainings and conferences depending on individual interests and needs. 

Setting up an international mobility program that hosted all PhD working in and on the various implementing countries at the same time allowed for in-person team work which strongly impacted on the growth of mutual trust, and high quality communication and collaboration, that was essential also for the project progress and success during the period of remote team work. In addition, the aligned research stays enhanced cross-country thematic exchange, fostered synthesis research and contributed toward enhanced North-South and South-South dialogue and capacity building overall. With three mobility stays in consecutive years, PhD students embarked on a joined journey with regular points of interaction and reflection on research topic and PhD related activities. Positive effects became increasingly visible over time relating to team trust and intensity of collaboration, PhD research related knowledge and skills and  cross-country and synthesis research rising.

Setting up a structured international mobility stay program not only allowed for the international research experience at a partner institute in Germany (ZALF), but also the direct interaction of the various team members. This way, much space was created to research, discuss and learn jointly. Joined project planning workshops, trainings on selected methods and approaches that were used by team members in different country packages, but also PhD planning and reflection workshops were organized during the time. Mobility stays also allowed direct interaction with GIZ/F4F Global team and other actor of science, policy and practice through joined symposia, workshops and attendance of international conferences. 

International research tandems and co-

To facilitate global collaborations, strengthening of international research structures, capacity building and global learning, the TREES project as solution strongly builds on international partnerships. The team itself is composed in most of the countries of international research tandems, whereby PhD and Master students originate from the country of study as well as Germany or other country. Whilst each student has his/her individual research focus, data collection is planned and implemented in the binational tandems. Supervision is provided in international supervision tandems whereby in each country a university is taking the country lead and co-supervision is provided by the project lead organization.  

Setting up binational research teams contributes toward enhanced complexity thinking through integration of multiple perspectives and disciplines. This facilitates research on FLR implementation for enhanced analysis and solution development as well as capacity building and global learning through North-South and South-South collaborations. Joined field visits can facilitate students’ access to study sites, interaction with actors on the ground, and increased samples sizes if questionnaires are combined. 

Establishing international PhD and Master student research tandems and building international co-supervision teams opens up new learning spaces and opportunities for collaborations. Different expertise and perspectives can be integrated in the different PhD and Master Thesis study projects, research design and implementation. Diversified research methods can be implemented in a complementary way to deepen FLR related analysis and combined interpretation perspectives enrich research output. If questions on data arise or verification is needed upon completion of the field trip, the tandem structure facilitates follow up field visits for complementation or verification of results. Knowledge derived and communicated via multiple channels in Germany and the F4F countries can enhance dialogue at the policy, practice, science interface within and across countries. 

Empowering Youth through Conservation Education: The Ranger Goes to School (RGTS) Program

The Ranger Goes to School (RGTS) program is an innovative conservation education initiative designed to inspire high school students in Labuan Bajo to become future stewards of nature. Created by Muhammad Ikbal Putera, a senior park ranger at Komodo National Park, and led by the park’s dedicated rangers, RGTS bridges the gap between youth and nature by fostering environmental stewardship, wildlife conservation, and sustainable living through interactive, hands-on learning experiences. By leveraging the unique biodiversity and ecosystems of Komodo National Park, RGTS provides students with a real-world context for understanding conservation challenges and solutions, encouraging them to develop a lifelong commitment to protecting the environment. With its scalable approach and adaptable framework, RGTS has the potential to serve as a global model for conservation education in national parks, inspiring young people worldwide to value and safeguard their local natural heritage.

Key Building Blocks

  • Youth Education and Engagement:
    RGTS empowers high school students in Labuan Bajo through interactive lessons in environmental stewardship, wildlife conservation, and sustainable living. These sessions raise awareness about ecological challenges caused by tourism and teach students how to protect biodiversity. The program equips the next generation with the knowledge and motivation to advocate for sustainability, offering a model that can be replicated in other regions.
  • Place Attachment Development:
    Through immersive activities, such as field excursions and direct engagement with Komodo National Park’s ecosystems, RGTS fosters strong emotional and intellectual bonds between students and nature. This connection inspires pride and responsibility for local environments, a universal principle that can enhance conservation efforts across national parks globally.
  • Technology Integration:
    Tools like plant identification apps, drone footage, and camera trap data enhance the learning experience by making ecological concepts tangible and relatable. This use of technology enriches education while preparing students for future professional roles, showcasing an innovative method that can be adapted in other conservation programs.
  • Volunteer Collaboration:
    Contributions from park rangers, educators, and conservation practitioners ensure a community-driven approach. Their diverse expertise strengthens the program and provides a blueprint for engaging local talent and expertise in conservation education initiatives worldwide.
  • Ecological and Social Data Utilization:
    Lessons are grounded in real-world examples using data from Komodo National Park. This approach connects students to pressing ecological issues like tourism impacts on wildlife and ecosystems. Other national parks can adopt this model by integrating their unique ecological and cultural data into similar programs.
  • Economic Pathways:
    RGTS goes beyond education by providing students with certificates upon program completion, supporting applications for internships and higher education. In the long term, graduates may return to their communities as park rangers or environmentally conscious professionals, contributing to sustainable governance. This economic pathway can inspire similar initiatives in national parks globally to strengthen conservation leadership.

Impact

Since its launch in 2022, RGTS has taught more than 1,000 high school students, addressing critical environmental, social, and economic challenges. It combats the disconnect between youth and nature, fosters a pipeline of future conservation leaders, and promotes shared responsibility for protecting Komodo National Park’s natural heritage. By empowering students to understand biodiversity’s value and sustainable living, RGTS is laying the foundation for long-term conservation advocacy and community support. As a scalable model, RGTS offers a framework that national parks worldwide can adopt and adapt. By engaging local youth, fostering place attachment, and integrating modern technology and education, RGTS demonstrates how conservation education can inspire the next generation to protect their unique environments and contribute to global sustainability.

  • Supportive Partnerships:
    The program thrives on strong collaborations with local schools and government agencies, enabling seamless integration into the curriculum, consistent access to students, and logistical support for field-based activities. Partnerships with universities and NGOs contribute cutting-edge research insights, educational resources, and volunteer support, elevating the program’s quality and reach. The RGTS program has also garnered regional attention, with the Provincial Government of East Nusa Tenggara expressing interest in making it a mandatory local content course for all students in the province. However, Komodo National Park envisions RGTS as mandatory specifically for students in Labuan Bajo, West Manggarai Regency, to serve as a model for other regions in East Nusa Tenggara and beyond.
  • Dedicated Contributors:
    RGTS is powered by a passionate team of park rangers, educators, and conservation practitioners who bring a wealth of expertise and enthusiasm. Their commitment to delivering engaging, hands-on lessons ensures high-quality education that resonates with students. As role models, they inspire participants to view conservation as a fulfilling and achievable career path.
  • Technology Integration:
    Modern tools such as plant identification apps, drone footage, and camera trap data bring conservation education to life. These technologies allow students to interact with ecological data in innovative ways, making complex concepts more accessible while exposing them to professional conservation methodologies.
  • Unique Biodiversity:
    The unparalleled biodiversity and cultural significance of Komodo National Park provide an extraordinary backdrop for RGTS. Students are immersed in real-world conservation challenges, such as protecting the iconic Komodo dragon, which fosters a deep emotional and intellectual connection to their natural environment. Data from ongoing park research enhances lessons with relevance and authenticity.
  • Community Support:
    The enthusiastic involvement of parents, local leaders, and stakeholders in Labuan Bajo underscores the program’s importance to the community. This support encourages student participation, builds trust, and ensures the program aligns with local needs and values, reinforcing its long-term sustainability.
  • Recognition and Scaling Potential:
    RGTS has received significant recognition regionally and internationally. It has been presented at prestigious platforms such as the 2nd Asia Parks Congress and UNESCO conferences, where it was highlighted as an innovative, ranger-led initiative for youth education. This attention not only signals positive feedback but also showcases RGTS as a rare example of how park rangers can drive meaningful educational innovation. Such recognition further supports the program’s scalability, signaling its potential to be adopted by other provinces in Indonesia and national parks worldwide.

The Ranger Goes to School (RGTS) program has provided key insights into the role of conservation education in addressing environmental challenges, fostering human-behavior change, and equipping the next generation with the tools to protect biodiversity and combat climate change. Several lesson learned of this program are as follow:

1. Linking Local Conservation to Global Challenges

  • Tailoring lessons to local issues like habitat degradation and biodiversity loss makes the program relatable, while connecting them to global challenges like climate change adds urgency and relevance.
  • Students understand how local actions, such as reducing waste and promoting sustainable tourism, contribute to global environmental goals.

2. The Power of Immersive Learning

  • Field excursions and real-world experiences foster deeper understanding and retention of ecological concepts.
  • Tools like drones, plant identification apps, and camera traps enhance engagement, making complex issues such as climate change and ecosystem dynamics tangible and relatable.

3. Inspiring Human-Behavior Change

  • Community-driven education builds a ripple effect, where students’ conservation efforts are reinforced by parents, educators, and local leaders.
  • The program emphasizes actionable steps, such as reducing plastic use, that empower students to make meaningful contributions.

4. Building a Conservation Workforce

  • The program encourages students to consider careers as park rangers or conservation practitioners, addressing the need for more skilled professionals in the field.
  • Certificates awarded to participants open pathways to internships and higher education, creating a pipeline of conservation-minded graduates who may return to Labuan Bajo to support Komodo National Park.

5. Scaling Potential

  • The program’s success has drawn regional interest, with the Provincial Government of East Nusa Tenggara considering RGTS as a mandatory course for all students in the province.
  • International recognition at forums such as the 2nd Asia Parks Congress and UNESCO conferences highlights its scalability as a model for conservation education globally.

6. Addressing Climate Change Through Education

  • Lessons on the role of ecosystems like mangroves and coral reefs in climate resilience teach students about the interconnectedness of environmental and societal well-being.
  • By integrating climate change education into the program, RGTS prepares students to face and mitigate future environmental challenges.

Lessons Learned from Park Rangers. The team teachers (park rangers and practitioners) leading the RGTS program have gained valuable insights into their evolving role as educators, conservation leaders, and community advocates. Some of the lesson learned from our perspectives are:

1. Expanding Roles Beyond Conservation

  • Park rangers have learned to adapt their skills to include education and community engagement, demonstrating the importance of their presence as role models for youth.
  • By stepping into teaching roles, rangers bridge the gap between fieldwork and public understanding, showing that conservation is a shared responsibility.

2. Leveraging Local Knowledge

  • Rangers’ deep understanding of Komodo National Park’s ecosystems and challenges enables them to provide authentic, impactful lessons to students.
  • Sharing their experiences, such as monitoring Komodo dragons or mitigating human-wildlife conflicts, adds credibility and inspires students to value their contributions.

3. Building Leadership and Communication Skills

  • The program has enhanced rangers’ abilities to communicate complex ecological and conservation concepts effectively to diverse audiences, including youth and community leaders.
  • Leading RGTS has positioned rangers as trusted voices in the community, strengthening relationships and fostering local buy-in for conservation efforts.

4. Addressing the Need for More Rangers

  • RGTS has underscored the need to inspire and train the next generation of park rangers. Students who interact with rangers through the program are more likely to consider conservation careers, addressing the workforce gap in this critical field.

5. Highlighting the Role of Rangers Globally

  • Presenting RGTS at international forums has showcased the unique contributions of park rangers as drivers of innovation in conservation education. This recognition positions rangers not only as protectors of biodiversity but also as educators and global ambassadors for conservation.

6. Promoting Collaboration and Professional Growth

  • Collaborating with educators, NGOs, and local leaders has expanded rangers’ professional networks and enriched their perspectives on interdisciplinary approaches to conservation.
  • These collaborations reinforce the idea that rangers are integral to building holistic, community-driven conservation solutions.

Conclusion

The lessons learned from the RGTS program and its park ranger leaders highlight the importance of education and collaboration in addressing environmental challenges. While RGTS demonstrates how tailored conservation education can inspire youth and drive behavioral change, the experiences of park rangers underscore their pivotal role as educators, leaders, and advocates in fostering a sustainable future. Together, these insights reinforce the need for scalable, community-driven solutions to combat climate change and protect biodiversity worldwide.

Implementation of adaptive livestock management strategies on farms adjacent to water source protection forests and public and private reserves

Due to their location near forests that protect water sources and public and private reserves, many agricultural productions are vulnerable to human-wildlife conflicts (HWCs). This vulnerability, combined with a lack or inadequacy of farm planning and the prevalence of outdated livestock management practices, puts at risk productivity in these mountain systems, biodiversity conservation, water resources, and associated ecosystem services

We include renewable energy technologies such us solar panels  to power electic fences, improve livestoc water availability and sensored lights to mitigate economical loses in livestoc farms caused by predation over domestic animales, at the same time, we help rural farmer families to access electricity serveces and improve their food productivity, economicla and food founts

Funding availability
Landowners willingness to include new technologies in their agricultural system
Adaptive livestock management strategies designed collaboratively with agricultural extension units, local small-scale farmers, and other professionals with relevant experience.

The predation of domestic animals by wild predators has been addressed by local authorities and external foundations as a technical issue, through the implementation of “anti-predation strategies” such as electric fences, corrals, and other protective measures. However, these actions are rarely monitored for effectiveness or continuity and often end with the conclusion of contracts with private implementing entities. Our experience has shown that these measures are more effective when focused on improving farm productivity and the quality of life of small-scale farmers, based on the specific context of each property. Furthermore, monitoring and evaluation are more sustainable and efficient when carried out by local actors such as agricultural extension units, environmental authorities, and community-based organizations, increasing the likelihood of long-term success and continuity of these strategies.

We have implementing replicable technological strategies to mitigate economical losses by wild felids predation reaching a reduction of the 100% of attacks from cougar and jaguar over cattle in the Cerro El Inglés Communitary reserve, protecting vulnerable individuals by solar powered electric fences and motion-sensor lights and limiting the access of domestic animals to the forest by technifying water provision for livestock and solar powered electric fences. Having a demonstrative and replicable system used for education purposes with farmers from the region.

Applying a behavior change approach to address human dimensions related to jaguars in strategic areas where the species is present

According to IUCN guidelines for coexistence with wildlife, educational approaches are more effective when focused on promoting behavioral change towards wildlife. This can be achieved through well-designed processes targeting key stakeholder groups and addressing specific actions—such as the killing of jaguars or their potential prey, or the implementation of changes in production systems—within a defined time frame.

This approach is grounded in the Theory of Planned Behavior, which posits that human actions are influenced by intentions, which in turn are shaped by attitudes, subjective (or social) norms, and perceived behavioral control.

Our objective is to develop educational strategies for jaguar conservation that focus on these three key determinants of human behavior. In this way, we aim not only to ensure structural but also functional connectivity for the jaguar by promoting a culture of coexistence with other forms of life

  • Identification of key stakeholders
  • Informed consent from the community
  • Appropriate public order conditions to ensure participants' safety

Most environmental education approaches developed in the territory to address human–wildlife conflicts (HWCs) have focused on providing information about the ecology of wild cats and promoting short-term deterrent methods. However, these activities have shown limited contribution to fostering long-term coexistence. In contrast, experiences that involve more in-depth processes—such as the active participation of local community  in wildlife monitoring and the implementation of adaptive livestock management strategies on private reserves—have demonstrated positive effects on behavioral change, particularly among former hunters.

Implementation of community-based monitoring of jaguars and ,mammal diversity using camera traps

We develop wildcats and potential prey community based monitoring with the families associated with Serraniagua in their private natural reserves by employing a small set of five trap cameras.

Natural reserve land owners willingness to develop monitoring activities within their lands
Trap cameras availability, this is a limited resouce for our organization 
Financial resources availability
Public Order
Favorable climatic conditions

Through community-based biodiversity monitoring, many new, endemic, and/or endangered species of plants, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals have been recorded, contributing to scientific knowledge and the implementation of technologies that support wildlife identification and habitat conservation.

A notable result of this effort is the documentation of six out of the seven felid species of Colombia within the area, including the rediscovery of the jaguar in the Andean region of Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Antonio, identified as an individual preying on livestock, has been tracked, revealing a movement route. We intend to explore this route as a landscape management strategy by implementing a robust trap camera monitoring program to identify potential anthropogenic impacts on wild mammals.

Development of a transdisciplinary plan for managing human–jaguar interactions at the regional scale in the DRMI Serranía de los Paraguas

Both the expansion of agricultural systems and the declaration of new public and private protected areas contribute to the intensification of HWCs. In this context, the development of regional plans that address territory-specific problems and contexts, and integrate all relevant stakeholders, will enable a preventive,comprehensive and sustainable management of human–jaguar interactions, improving quality of life for both people and jaguars

  • The stakeholders are willing to work together
  • Protected areas management groups including comunity based, agrucultural, gender based, and government authorities at regional and local scale working together to make management plans
  •  Fund finding: The co management cometee works together to find financial and technical support to handle with HWI within protected areas 
  • Local initiatives with a bottom-up approach are prioritized over top-down initiatives that favor the interests of companies external to the territory.

National funding sources have primarily supported top-down initiatives, with plans designed outside the territory by external groups. Through a bottom-up approach, an initial pathway has been developed to address level 1 HWCs, involving environmental authorities, agricultural extension units, and grassroots farmer organizations. This has facilitated the collection of reports on jaguar presence and attacks on domestic animals, enhancing our understanding of how jaguars use the territory. Between September and November, the group designed a pilot regional community-based monitoring of wild mammals using trap cameras (TC) within water resource conservation areas and private reserves, recording Antonio after two years since his last sighting. In 2025 (or 2026).

We aim to expand our planning to a more operational and administrative scale through the Plan4Coex approach, building on the positive partial results achieved so far.

 

Process Summary

The four modules are carried out in chronological order. Habitat research and planning serve as the foundation for monitoring and installation, providing data support for relocation, release efforts, and post-relocation monitoring. The outcomes of these activities will be summarized through ongoing monitoring and data analysis to inform future conservation strategies. The shared goal of these four modules is to achieve habitat restoration and population protection for Tonkean macaques through scientific assessment and technical support, promoting sustainable ecosystem management.

1. Habitat Research and Planning

  1. Field Investigations:
    Guided by the Central Sulawesi Natural Resources Conservation Agency (BKSDA Sulawesi Tengah), participants such as the IMIP industrial park and the Labota Village Government (representing landowners) conduct on-site evaluations of current habitat conditions. This includes assessments of original habitats and potential relocation sites, such as the Morowali Nature Reserve, the Pamona Nature Reserve, and the Tokobae Island Ecotourism Park.
  2. Biodiversity Surveys:
    • Collect basic information on surrounding communities (e.g., resident conditions).
    • Record local flora and fauna species and observe habitat conditions, including food supply and ecological environment.
    • Assess other species in the area to prevent conflicts between groups or species.
  3. Report Output:
    Based on the compiled data, generate a conservation strategy recommendation report.

2. Technical Support

  1. On-site Monitoring:
    Conduct on-site monitoring in key areas to record Tonkean macaque activities in real-time.
  2. Data Management:
    Establish a database to store and analyze migration data, providing support for long-term research.

3. Animal Relocation and Release

  1. Evacuation Phase:
    Form a professional team to capture and conduct health checks on Tonkean macaques near PT IMIP.
  2. Transport and Relocation:
    Relocate the Tonkean macaques in batches from their old habitat to the new habitat.
  3. Release Activities:
    Organize a release ceremony involving stakeholders to enhance publicity efforts.

4. Post-Relocation Monitoring

  1. Ecological Monitoring:
    Conduct follow-up observations of relocated individuals for six consecutive months to record their adaptation process. Ten technical staff members (environmental conservation officers, forestry police) participate in monthly monitoring activities. The results are regularly reported to the Central Sulawesi Natural Resources Conservation Agency (Balai KSDA Sulawesi Tengah).
  2. Annual Evaluation:
    Summarize successes and challenges encountered during the relocation process to inform future projects.
5) Evolution of on-board technologies and AI integration

Advancements in on-board technologies and AI integration hold great potential to further enhance the existing drone-based crocodilian monitoring method. Improvements in drone hardware, such as hybrid models with extended flight times and enhanced camera resolutions, allow for broader habitat coverage and the capture of more detailed imagery in complex environments. Integrating artificial intelligence (AI) represents a significant opportunity to streamline image analysis by automating crocodile detection and size estimation using allometric models. These AI-driven enhancements could provide near real-time data processing, reducing reliance on time consuming manual analysis.

This improvements are currently under development. We conducted an experimental study in Cameroon in April 2025 with students and young researchers from the University of Ngaoundéré and local NGOs, using drones equipped with thermal cameras and searchlights, and including AI-assisted automated data processing.

The data is currently being analyzed and will be published

4) Empowering Local Stakeholders through Drone Technology

This building block on capacity building on local stakeholders including Indigenous including Peoples and Local Communities (IPLCs) to operate drones, enabling them to take active roles in conservation. 

Ease of Use of the method devellopted:

  1. Minimal Technical Skills Required:
    Users only need basic training in drone operation and measurement extraction from high-resolution images. The process is straightforward:
    • Fly the drone following the standardized flight protocol.
    • Marke crocodilians on overhead images.
    • Measure the visible head length using accessible image analysis tools (e.g., ImageJ, QGIS).
    • Apply the corresponding allometric equation or lookup from pre-prepared tables (abaques) for total length estimation.
  2. Readily Adaptable:
    The framework uses easy-to-read tables (abaques), making it accessible to both specilialists and non-specialists for operators can quickly apply the method without requiring advanced scientific expertise.
  3. Accessible Equipment:
    The approach relies on consumer-grade drones and widely available software, ensuring affordability and reducing barriers to adoption.

Why It’s Effective:

The framework’s simplicity, scalability, and reliability make it ideal for diverse contexts, from remote wetlands to urban-adjacent habitats. It empowers a broad range of users to generate scientifically robust data.