The second coaching phase consists of three sessions per month for a duration of three months. After finalising their Business Improvement Plans, the entrepreneurs get in touch with other Business Development Services and prepare a presentation to financial institutions for credit assessment and business finance.

In the coaching process the coach strengthens the coachee by using suitable questions, techniques and instruments as well as reflecting observation to reinforce the coachees’ capacities for widely self-reliant problem-solving, enterprise and personality development. The needs, priorities and capacities of the coachee determine content and methodology of coaching.

To optimise the public financing instrument, BioInvest works with entities from the public sector such as the Ministry of Agricultural Development and Irrigation (MIDAGRI) and the Ministry of Environment (MINAM) to integrate sustainability criteria into their financing instruments. This involves optimising existing programmes to support biodiversity-friendly businesses.

BioInvest works with the Investment Readiness Program to bridge the gap between enterprises and impact investors. This programme educates enterprises with three training packages on key techniques and tools to present companies attractively to investors. BioInvest also organises matchmaking events to bring companies and investors together.

Recovery from wildfire involves looking after community welfare, repairing infrastructure, and restoring fire-damaged landscapes. Wildfire on the Tonle Sap Lake has the greatest impact on the natural environment. Fortunately, direct impacts of wildfire on people and infrastructure are rare. Thus, recovery involves the restoration of fire-damaged vegetation. This involves determining which areas can be restored and which are left as they are. Some areas such as paths through thick vegetation are repeatedly burned to clear dried water hyacinth and grass to maintain access, or patches are burned to clear space for fishing nets. Each community must decide whether these areas can be restored or are best left untouched. Other areas can either be left to regrow naturally or be actively restored using techniques such as assisted natural regeneration, transplanting nursery grown seedlings or direct seeding using native species (commonly Barringtonia acutangula, Diospyros cambodiana, and Combretum trifoliatum). This generally requires outside resources, and the development of restoration plans with local communities.

Implementing the actions described above in review, risk reduction, and readiness allows communities to respond to wildfires. On receipt of a wildfire alert, the Community Wildfire Management Team will either send a team member or ask a nearby community member to visit the site and assess the situation. On confirmation of an active fire, the Community Wildfire Management Team will determine if it requires suppression, and if so, attend and suppress the fire with the appropriate equipment. If the fire is not threatening shrubland or flooded forest, then they will monitor the situation.

Effective fire suppression requires on-ground planning and clear roles and responsibilities among the Wildfire Management Team. It is important that a clear and safe plan is developed and agreed to amongst the team as to how to approach and suppress wildfire and each team member’s role in doing so.

Recording the details of each fire alert, confirmed wildfire, and action taken to address each wildfire is important so that we can learn from our experiences and adaptively manage wildfires in the future. This information is needed for both the review and recovery components of the 5Rs.

Despite the best risk reduction efforts - fires will still occur, and partner communities need to be prepared to suppress them. To be ready to suppress fire CBFiM groups require:

• well maintained locally sourced fire suppression equipment including protective clothing;
• fire management training; and
• real-time satellite-based fire alerts. 

Each community wildfire management team should frequently patrol high-fire risk areas during the fire season. This allows them to identify and address high-risk behavior before a fire starts, monitor fuel loads, and assess access routes and water availability in the event of a fire.

With risk reduction we work with communities to prevent wildfires — focusing resources on their underlying causes. Prevention is ab effective control measure as almost all fires on the Tonle Sap are caused by human activities. Our partner communities identified four wildfire risk reduction strategies:

• Conduct multiple wildfire education and awareness sessions with local community members and seasonal migrants.
• Install fire information and warning signboards at high fire risk and high conservation value areas.
• Conduct joint fire suppression patrols with local authorities and FiA officials.
• Identify seasonal migrants who visit the community managed area for fishing and buffalo grazing. And inform them that they will be questioned if any fires occur around their temporary camping area.
• Punish people who destroy the flooded forest by applying the Fishery law, which can result in 3-5 years imprisonment.

Once we have established a Community Wildfire Management Team we review their local wildfire issues and identify options for change using a range of participatory methods. Our aim is to build an understanding of how and why fires start within each community and the positive and negative impacts of fires started for different reasons, and in different areas. We recommend interviewing various people including members of the Community Wildfire Management Team, other village leaders and elders, women, youth, and local authorities.

When we understand the causes and impact of wildfire we then conduct community mapping to spatially determine: 

• where fires are most likely to be lit and why;
• potential firebreaks or control lines within the landscape;
• location of water sources;
• location of access roads and tracks;
• priority areas for protection (e.g. high value forest and restoration areas); and
• the ability of local community members to control fires both through pre-suppression and suppression measures.

These fire maps helped each community implement measures to prevent, detect, and effectively respond to wildfire.

An adaptive capacity assessment was conducted with key institutions and communities who participated in the implementation of the final urban EbA measures, through face-to-face interviews and group discussions. It is important to note that there was a general acceptance of the need to respond to climate change in the long term and the importance of using climate information to inform decision-making. However, the Dong Hoi-specific, contextualised understanding about long-term climate risk management and adaptation planning is less clear. The focus of development planning and implementation relies mainly on grey infrastructure interventions while the possibilities of blue and green infrastructure were little known. Furthermore, existing ecosystems which the city provides are not preserved and valued or integrated in a meaningful way when new infrastructure projects are planned. For example, resorts have been built on dunes and promoted as eco-resorts while the dune system was removed for a better view which eventually will lead to flooding and seabank erosion during the typhoon season.  

Therefore, along with the implementation of pilot urban EbA measures, a capacity development strategy for relevant stakeholders at different levels was elaborated. Awareness raising and technical trainings for provincial leaders and technical staff which are responsible for planning and approval processes in the city were core activities. The focus of these capacity building activities was, on the one hand, the general knowledge on urban adaptation, urban EbA and climate change risk and, on the other hand, on green/blue/grey adaptation options with an emphasis on the meaningful consideration of existing ecosystems in planning and approval procedures. In addition, relevant awareness raising activities on urban EbA was also initiated and conducted for urban communities of Dong Hoi city. 

In six different stakeholder workshops, nearly 200 provincial and municipal leaders, technical and private sector staff who are responsible for decision making and urban planning have improved their knowledge and understanding on urban adaptation, urban EbA and climate risk management. They were also involved in the urban EbA study which helped them to learn about the process of identifying potential benefits of EbA measures as well as gaps and challenges caused by climate change impacts in the city. 

Two technical training courses on urban EbA and climate risk assessment tools were carried out for about 80 provincial and district technical staff who are responsible for development planning at different levels. The participants were equipped with technical knowledge and tools which they could apply in their daily work to assess climate risks and potential EbA measures to enhance resilience and ecosystem services in the planning processes.

Ten awareness raising events were conducted for about 600 local people of ten urban communities in Dong Hoi city to provide basic knowledge on climate change impacts, climate change adaptation and urban EbA. The events created interesting opportunities for local people to discuss, exchange and brainstorm on their challenges and difficulties caused by climate change impacts and agree upon feasible adaptation measures at community level. Most of them confirmed that this was very interesting and helpful for their areas. 

As a result of the activity, relevant training material was developed and published. Moreover, urban EbA was integrated into the Provincial Climate Change Respond Action Plan of Quang Binh province. 

At the stakeholder consultation workshop, three urban EbA measures were identified and selected to pilot in Dong Hoi city, including: 

1) The water retention measure aims to address flood risk through water retention and delayed runoff during flooding, and heat stress reduction in the core urban zone of Dong Hoi City. It integrates urban flood risk management, relieves pressure on Cau Rao River as the main floodway protecting the city, improves existing ecosystem health, and increases blue-green space for the city. The measure is designed with multiple urban EbA components, including (1) a water retention area for flood reduction, (2) permeable surfaces (e.g. using native species of grass, vegetation and pavement) for storing water runoff, (3) swales along the existing road to reduce runoff and infiltration of pollutants, (4) additional trees to provide shading and regulate microclimate, (5) a protected area for habitat and to enable scientific investigation.

2) The green wall and green roof measure aims to conserve green spaces in the municipality in the face of increasing pressure to develop the natural lands due to rapid urbanization, contribute to the reduction of surface temperature and heat stress during hot summer months and flood risk mitigation, green-blue components (e.g. trees, vegetation layers...). The measure is designed with facade greening on exterior walls and a rooftop garden replaced the traditional corrugated iron-roof of the building adjacent to a rainwater harvesting system. 

3) The Sustainable Urban Drainage System (SUDS) aims to enhance the drainage system through applying a nature-based approach in the construction and operation of the system to improve the flood management in the urban area. It helps to address the problem of local hotspot flooded areas during heavy rainfalls or typhoons in Dong Hoi city. The measure is designed and implemented with following components: 

• Two underground storage tanks with storage capacity of 150 m3 with soak-away structure
• Eight inlets to collect rainwater on the road surface around the site
• Perforated uPVC collection pipes that are connected to the existing drainage system with a one-way backflow preventer
• Sidewalk paving slabs replaced by permeable structure
• Green trees to increase water permeability on land surface

The results showcase the effectiveness and possibilities of green interventions in helping the city to cope with increasing temperatures, flood management and energy efficiency while reducing GHG emissions. On top of that, lessons learnt and practical experiences in terms of technical knowledge, methodology and approach were shared, expanded and integrated into provincial technical standards, urban planning and relevant binding documents. 

In fact, in order to finalise the urban EbA measures at site after the selection process, there were different steps required according to Viet Nam's legal frameworks and project's procedures: 

• Site assessment: Planning an urban EbA measure required a thorough site assessment of the local climatic and geographical conditions to inform the optimum design and installation requirements. A comprehensive site assessment examined climate, hydrology, soil and water conditions on meso- and micro-level and takes into account the existing built environment.
• Planning: At this step, it was important to set an upfront goal of each urban EbA measure as this will influence the design, construction and level of maintenance required for the system. The scale, relationship to other facilities, benefits and impacts to communities and region, problems to be addressed were defined and elaborated. In addition, stakeholder engagement needed to be considered to define relevant involved parties and their roles, specialists, technical designers and service providers. All relevant procedures and regulations were figured out as well.
• Design phase: The crucial step of this phase was to develop a technical design document for the measure. Based on the set goals, site assessment results and requirements, the designers and technical experts prepared the technical drawings and the design report. Aspects related to size, functional components, technology, materials, timeline and cost estimation needed to be included. Consultation process to present the technical design was conducted for comments and feedback from different stakeholders before submitting all files for approval by local authorities. Upon the approval of the technical design document, the process to obtain the construction permit needed to be carried out according to government regulations. 
• Implementation: The construction implementer and construction supervision consultants were selected through a bidding process. An implementation plan was worked out and agreed by all relevant stakeholders before construction on the site. Local authorities and project partners took the roles of overall management, monitoring the work progress. Monthly meetings were conducted to update the progress and deal with arising issues during the implementation. The relevant government regulations and standard requirements needed to be complied fully and strictly at this phase. At the end of this phase, the implementation guidelines, lesson learnt and leaflets to promote the results were developed and shared in public for awareness raising and upscaling in the region. 
• Engagement of private sector: After participating in all consultation stakeholder and urban EbA measure selection processes, private sector is interested in involvement and application of urban EbA approach in their daily work implementation to enhance their capacity and knowledge in this field. In particular, the Environment and Urban Development Company has together with the project worked out co-implementation plan for SUDS measure due to it is in line with their mandate and professional experiences. Moreover, the company has committed to cover 50% of the cost for implementation of the SUDS measure from their company yearly budget. Besides, upon the completion of the measure, the company currently covers the maintenance cost for the measure. 
• Maintenance: Upon the completion of the implementation phase, the urban EbA measures were handed over to provincial partners. A consultation process was conducted to agree upon the roles and responsibilities on management, operation and maintenance of the work by parties who took over. Planning and budget allocation was prepared and committed to on the partner side. 

In fact, the three measures are applied the “Delay-Store-Drain” approach of the Living Water Principles1 in improvement of flood management, natural ecosystems in urban areas. These combined hybrid, blue-green elements of the three implemented measures help to enhance the urban landscape while contributing to reducing current climatic risks, with a particular focus on flood risks and heat-stress in the city. Three implemented urban EbA measures are integrated measures which have clear linkage and complimentary solutions in enhancing climate resilience and ecosystem services maintenance of Dong Hoi city. Meanwhile the Water retention area measure contributes to the reduced urban runoff discharge pressure through the creation of open field retention, waterscapes recharging, increasing permeable surfaces and green spaces, vegetation cover on land surface of the city, the Green wall green roof measure presents complimentary options for creating green spaces on the building to reduce heat stress and provide direct cooling to the buildings, increasing water storage and regulating stormwater runoff through rainwater harvesting components. Additionally, the Sustainable urban drainage system contributes to enhance city drainage system for flood management improvements.

During the stakeholder consultation and urban EbA measure selection processes, gender approach is always considered through engagement of at least 50% women participants in all events and discussion and all their inputs are recognized and integrated into the final results.