Establishment of a livestock guardian dog breeding centre

The establishment of a breeding centre is a fundamental step in carrying out controlled breeding and imprinting of pups. Imprinting is a biological learning process, which is generated in a short period of time, where pups of most species can identify and learn behaviours of any other species. At the centre we provide the conditions for the pups to be in contact with goats and sheep from birth, and until they are four months old, creating a family bond that will make them protective with the livestock. This stage is critical and essential to achieve LGD that are effective in their function and strategic for carnivore conservation. During the imprinting process we take care of the feeding, health, welfare of the puppies and the livestock, while correcting undesirable behaviour in the puppy-livestock bond. After four months the puppies that are already vaccinated, dewormed and neutered, are handed over to the producers where they will finish their training and gradually start working with the livestock.

To have at least one pair of dogs that belong to breeds created for livestock protection.

Physical space and budget for the period of imprinting the puppies, that includes support for a person responsible for the care, cleaning and feeding of puppies and livestock that is used for training.

Veterinary support for health controls and spaying/neutering. 

To build collaborative partnerships between NGOs/government/businesses to reduce costs and make LGD affordable for producers.

During the imprinting process, puppies should be constantly with livestock and contact with people should be minimal but friendly. The health and neutering of puppies is essential for animal welfare and to avoid the spread of diseases in the wild.

 

Partnerships with local partners

Partnerships with the provincial Taskforce, which oversaw the project's activities in general, and the provincial Agriculture Extension Center and Farmers’ Union helped achieve the expected results despite travel restrictions owing to COVID-19.

 

Partnerships with these local partners also led to the later integration of the project’s interventions into provincial partner’s programmes.

* Engagement with all levels of government in the province, specifically, at the project's sites, was critically important to establish the partnerships

* Endorsement of the project at national level was critical to ensure provincial and local buy-in

* Widespread availability of smartphones and access to network and desktop computers was vital to ensuring progress even during the pandemic's travel restrictions

* Building strong partnerships is a risk-reduction strategy, as shown during the pandemic wherein local partners were able to conduct many activities with guidance remotely by expert staff

 

Wildlife surveillance for One Health intelligence

Financing support for multi-sector surveillance of zoonotic diseases in wildlife and along wildlife trade chains is essential to improve understanding of pathogen diversity, disease dynamics and potential risks posed by wildlife trade, to support evidence-based decision making, monitor emerging pathogens and support targeted future surveillance and mitigation investments

Long-term financial support for sustained wildlife surveillance: in the field, in the laboratory and for associated data analysis to inform decision-makers and support reporting through One Health coordination platforms 

It is a challenge to secure funding for longer than the typical short cycles associated with government priorities to really make a difference in capacity and system building. Wildlife and environment sectors typically receive less funding and attention compared with livestock and human health, despite their clear linkages to both and increasing risks of emerging diseases of wildlife origin. 

 

Building long-term, multi-sectoral, trans-disciplinary partnerships and capacities

Building long-term partnerships and capacity for multi-sector surveillance of zoonotic diseases along wildlife trade chains promotes and supports effective One Health collaboration from the spillover frontlines to national and international policy makers, and improved understanding of pathogen diversity, disease dynamics and potential risks posed by wildlife trade. Platforms for regular multi-sector discussion between animal health, environment, enforcement, and human health sectors, as well as with and amongst international and multi-lateral partners, is essential for open discourse and sharing of information on the risks, challenges and opportunities for pandemic prevention. This is critical to improve cross- sectoral trust, understanding, communication and coordination to increase opportunities for effective legislative change and cultural shifts.

Openness of host governments to coordination between environment, law enforcement, animal health and human health sectors and investment of time and personnel from those sectors in wildlife surveillance for One Health intelligence; patience; funding; One Health coordination platforms

Trans-sectoral coordination and support from the government is essential from the beginning to ensure effective surveillance for diseases of zoonotic origin along wildlife trade chains and to promote understanding and sharing of findings. Openness of national governments to make science-based policy changes to reduce health risks posed by wildlife trade is essential for meaningful, long-term impact. 

Monitoring + Evaluation

Given the lack of experience and the high need for learning and improving the solution, M+E is key. Starting in the nursery how the different seedlings develop, then after planting and in regular intervals. this allows improving the design, to determine the need for soil improvement, suitability of individual species on respective sites and many other aspects - including upscaling to other areas and countries with similar needs and circumstances.

- Capable institutions and link / partnerships to scientific organizations and individuals

- Local ownership and dedication, also beyond the project's lifetime

- a sound and realistic monitoring system from the outset

M+E needs to focus and should be carried out by knowledgeable and dedicated individuals and organizations. It should also involve the local landowners and their traditional knowledge

Desert Farming: "Breathable Sand" Farm in Ras Al Khaimah

In Abu Dhabi, Breathable Sand technology has helped with the growing of peanuts, mung beans, and black-eyed peas on some farms, while mango and lemon orchids have also shown fruitful results in 18 months.

 

Most vegetables in Abu Dhabi are imported and/or shipped from nearby cities such as Dubai. Famers now can grow local vegetables and fruits to serve the local families.  The quality of the product is also good, and the water usage is only 20% of what typical needs because uncontrolled infiltration is greatly reduced thanks to the Breathable Sand.

 

The current farm includes 500-square-meter arable land to plant vegetables and fruits, and 100,000 square meters of land in Ras Al Khaimah is being prepared for additional applications.

* Local government was supportive to allow the farm built using the new water-saving technologies.  This solution is also in-line with the food security needs in the region.

* Local farmers, after explanation and demonstrations (please see other building blocks), with little guidance, were happy to embrace the technology. 

* After three of years of installation, high-quality produce and healthy plants are the best support to continue using the new technology.

 

International collaboration is crucial in the initial implementation.   The "Breatahbel Sand" technology was invented in China and was used in many applications.  However, it is important to have on-site guidance to ensure the installation is done correctly.  We found there are minor adjustments needed to fit the site-specific needs.

 

In addition, we realized that local manufacturing of the Breathable Sand is very important to reduce the shipping and transportation costs.  UAE has abundant aeolian sand resources, which can be used to produce Breathable Sand locally.  Building a sand-treatment and coating factory in UAE is planed for 2023 to reduce the costs.

Desarrollo de capacidades en bienestar animal, bioseguridad y obtención de fibra de mayor calidad

Se capacitaron a las comunidades manejadoras de vicuñas y guardaparques durante las campañas de captura (aprovechamiento de la fibra) y liberación de vicuñas silvestres. Los temas abordados incluyen: procedimientos adecuados de bienestar animal y bioseguridad para prevenir la transmisión de sarna, entre animales, y por instrumentos y accesorios de trabajo; bioseguridad frente al Covid-19 para prevenir la transmisión entre personas y de personas a animales silvestres capturados. Asimismo, se realizaron capacitaciones en esquila mecánica y predescerdado de la fibra, en ambos casos, para incrementar la calidad de la fibra de vicuñas obtenida durante las capturas y proporcionar un mayor valor agregado a la misma, ampliando los beneficios para la comunidad.

- Se tiene apoyo de las comunidades manejadoras de vicuñas de Apolobamba y del área protegida de Apolobamba.

- Se cuenta con un equipo técnico experimentado de veterinarios e ingenieros zootecnistas y agrónomos para el desarrollo de estudios, capacitaciones y gestiones con los actores locales y nacionales.

El trabajo conjunto y complementario del equipo técnico de WCS y de la ACOFIVB con las comunidades locales y con el área protegida de Apolobamba han generado capacitaciones con una visión de Una sola Salud, capacitaciones que fueron favorables para que las comunidades locales identifiquen que la conservación y manejo de las vicuñas también involucra el cuidado de la salud de especies animales silvestres, domésticas y de las personas, a la vez que obtienen fibra de mejor calidad y reciben mejores ingresos económicos.

Monitoreo y vigilancia del estado de las poblaciones y de la salud de vicuñas

El monitoreo de las poblaciones de vicuña, realizado en 2006, 2018, 2019 y 2021, evaluando la sarna sarcóptica y otros parásitos en Apolobamba, estableció que la especie mantiene su ratio de incremento poblacional, y que en su mayoría los individuos son saludables. Las prevalencias de sarna son bajas y afectan principalmente a las vicuñas crías y las de mayor edad con una menor condición corporal. Esta enfermedad es actualmente endémica y con bajo impacto, siempre y cuando las vicuñas cuenten con suficiente alimento para mantener una buena condición corporal. Por otro lado, debido al incremento de las actividades mineras, de 50 a 231 en los últimos 10 años, y el uso aproximado de hasta 6 kg/mes de mercurio por cada actividad, ya existe evidencia de contaminación en la especie. Esto se ha verificado mediante registros de mercurio total en sangre de vicuñas, así como en anomalías celulares (genotoxicidad), y representa una amenaza local para la salud humana y de animales silvestres y domésticos.

- Apoyo de comunidades manejadoras de vicuñas de Apolobamba.

- Apoyo del área protegida SERNAP Apolobamba.

- Financiamiento necesario para apoyar la logística de actividades de campo con los comunarios y guardaparques.

- Se cuenta con laboratorio y veterinarios parasitólogos, lo que permite reducir costos de análisis a traves del tiempo.

- Se cuenta con acuerdos con instituciones científicas académicas como el Instituto de Ecología y el Instituto de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, ambos de la Universidad Mayor de San Andrés.

- Todos los resultados de investigación que se obtienen son socializados y entregados a las comunidades y al área protegida SERNAP Apolobamba.

- Los estudios realizados son insumos para la gestión de las comunidades y del área protegida y son oportunidades para el desarrollo de investigaciones de tesis de estudiantes de licenciatura y grados superiores.

- Todas las pruebas serológicas de laboratorio requieren estar previamente validadas para especies silvestres con las que se trabaja.

Coordinación multisectorial para el monitoreo, vigilancia y manejo adecuado de vicuñas

El fortalecimiento de lazos de confianza entre las comunidades manejadoras de vicuñas y el área protegida (trabajamos en conjunto hace 17 años), y con la Asociación Nacional de Manejadores de Vicuñas (trabajamos en conjunto hace 3 años), es crítico para fortalecer la conservación de la vicuña y de su hábitat. Esto ha permitido realizar monitoreos sobre el crecimiento poblacional y la sanidad de las vicuñas; realizar vigilancia de contaminantes y su impacto en la especie; desarrollar capacidades en bienestar animal, bioseguridad; obtener fibra de mayor calidad; e iniciar, recientemente, una línea base sobre la depredación de vicuñas y ganado por perros pastores, así como el estado de salud y de bienestar de los perros.

- Apoyo y compromiso de las comunidades manejadoras de vicuñas de Apolobamba.

- Apoyo y compromiso del área protegida SERNAP Apolobamba.

- Apoyo y compromiso de la ACOFIVB - Asociación para la Comercialización de la Fibra de Vicuñas en Bolivia.

- Complementariedad con otras organizaciones conservacionistas como la AGA - Alianza Gato Andino.

- Involucrar constantemente a los diferentes sectores permitió establecer una mayor confianza de trabajo conjunto, favoreciendo el cumplimiento de nuestros objetivos.

- Los esfuerzos en capacitaciones sobre el manejo de las vicuñas en silvestría con estándares de bienestar animal y sanidad, y de la fibra obtenida con mejor calidad y mejores ingresos para los comunarios, son impulsores de la conservación de la especie y su hábitat.

Empowerment of all actors involved is key

The success of forest management and restoration efforts has also hinged on the knowledge and skills acquired by the local forest organizations such as Village Natural Resources Management Committees. This has enabled the committee members to successfully implement ANR and fire prevention activities while adhering to good leadership skills to allow increased participation in restoration activities.

Community empowerment is a key enabling factor to consider within this building block because activities being implemented by the community members are as a result of the trainings/capacity building efforts by committed extension workers and other community leaders

  1. Training acts as an incentive for communities to participate in restoration efforts because  the knowledge gained is applied on their land.