The conservation of the charapa turtle and its importance for the indigenous peoples of PANI

The charapa (Podocnemis expansa) in the indigenous cosmovision is related to the origin of the people, especially the Miraña, they say that an ancestral god gave them to the grandchildren to feed them. In addition, it has healing powers that are associated with the ecosystems that the species uses to carry out its reproduction, that is why the charapa is present in their dances and rites. Its consumption is allowed under regulations contemplated in a cyclical calendar that mixes ecology and conservation with the indigenous cosmovision and that establishes management, because if they abuse its consumption, diseases are attracted to the territory. The conservation of the charapa is a successful result and has been achieved thanks to community monitoring coordinated by PNN and PANI. The community has been sensitized and use agreements have been made to ensure that the turtle population is maintained or increased. This work has allowed the participation of one of its indigenous people in an exchange of experiences with ongoing projects in Colombia and other countries, as well as their participation in a scientific article published by several South American authors.

The turtle monitoring is implemented by the indigenous community, where entire families work in these special protection zones, doing citizen science exercises and helping in the research of the species. The results of these 5 years of monitoring are obvious, there is a very important scientific-environmental and cultural component, the postures are monitored, the adults and in times of high water, the sites where the turtles perform other activities related to feeding are monitored.

Being a community work, charapa monitoring has helped to structure PANI's governance system, since it has allowed them to strengthen themselves, has generated a very important reference that has led to neighboring indigenous communities requesting to be linked to the exercise, to be socialized and taught about the subject and to be included so that they can carry out similar exercises. Therefore, the exercise has grown and expanded, creating a biological corridor for the conservation of the species.

Exchange network

The platform brought together 73 experiences associated with Sustainable Forest Management, of which 70% have been developed in the Colombian Amazon, 25% in other territories of the country and 5% are international experiences and that according to their intervention are located in one of the categories of ExpoBosques:1) Human Welfare and Governance, 2) Digital Tools, 3) Forestry Extension and Financing, 4) Forest Management and Ecosystem Services and 5) Value Addition and Commercialization.This allowed the creation of an exchange network that promotes replication, especially in the Amazon.

The willingness of the entities, communities, institutions and companies to share the successes, challenges and impacts of their experiences and to participate in the exchange, made it possible to replicate new knowledge in a practical way.

The exchange through a mobile application, allowed the creation of this exchange network despite the effects of the pandemic and allowed to join efforts aimed at the protection and conservation of the Amazon, also gives visibility to organizations and rural associations that carry out activities for sustainable forest management, which can promote the replication of the experiences of greatest interest.Throughout ExpoBosques, more than 3,000 interactions took place between participants and exhibitors and more than 6,000 experiences were made visible in the different forums open to the public.

Formation of a Local Committee for stakeholder representation in the CBI.

The Local Committee (LC) begins its formation with a group of people who share a common interest in the same territory. It defines the name of the CBI and its geographic limits, the way it will work, what rules it must follow internally and with what objective the corridor is formed. It can work in the form of an association, alliance, executive or support committee, management group, technical coalition, among others. In its formation process it is recommended to have at least one community leader, representation of local governments of the CBI territory, an NGO or non-profit organization, a representative of the productive or private sector and an institutional representative, who together will be responsible for managing alliances and facilitating the contribution of other actors interested in promoting technical and financial resources in their territory. The representativeness of the different sectors (public, private, academic, civil, etc.) is essential for the success of the CBIs, since they contribute with their knowledge and capacities for the adequate logistics of the CBIs, facilitate the discussion among all the representatives and provide different points of view so that the decision making is integral, from broad perspectives and echoes what happens in the management of the CBI in the communities and institutions that comprise it.

  • Prioritizing existing environmental legislation and policies allows for the justification of the CBI and increases the commitment to participation of public institutions.
  • The co-participation of political administration entities and governing bodies of natural resources and associated services in the region (water, soils, forests, commerce, health, security) is fundamental for dialogue and articulation to lead to decisions and commitments that meet the needs of all involved.
  • LCs should be seen as extended governance systems of coordination and leadership.
  • A detailed diagnosis as a starting point is essential to become familiar with the territory, the inhabitants, their capacities and needs.
  • The mapping of local actors is very valuable to define who can be strategically integrated into the LC.
  • The initiative to form a CBI can come from an institutional actor or from the productive sector and be equally successful as when it comes from the community.
  • The projects proposed by the LC for the CBI territory should be interdisciplinary, so that representatives of different entities can contribute their knowledge and resources to the proposal.
  • Having 2 or more delegates (representatives) from the same organization is favorable, since it allows having a wide participation in case of absences in work sessions and/or trainings. Whoever attends, contributes as a representative of the organization and then shares the information in the institution to which he/she belongs.
Strategic planning and management monitoring of the Interurban Biological Corridor.

The strategic planning of a CBI is the basis for defining how the objectives will be met, with which organizations and institutions of the territory alliances should be formed, how financing will be obtained for the projects to be executed, what legislation supports the management of the corridor, who will be in charge of the coordination and leadership of the actions to increase and improve the green spaces of the cities.

Monitoring of CBI tasks and progress should be recorded to evaluate the implementation of CBI plans and take corrective action if there are opportunities for improvement. These steps maintain efficient functioning of the CBI and orderly conduct of the CL dialogue. Progress towards the achievement of goals and objectives in the medium and long term maintains the interest of the participating actors and their permanence in the spaces for dialogue and articulation.

Planning and monitoring should be systematized through the registration of participants, sessions, training, activities, projects and results, in order to transmit information transparently to all members of the CBI. In the medium and long term, knowledge bases are obtained to carry out research, make better decisions for land management and greater functional ecological connectivity.

  • To ensure the smooth development of the strategic planning process, it is necessary to communicate assertively, reconcile interests and desired results, and reach an agreement that includes the participants to be convened, deadlines and time to be invested, methods and tools to be used, work session formats, and rules on product review and approval. Technical dialogue among all parties is essential to achieve the strategies outlined in the CBI planning.
  • For efficient planning and adequate monitoring, it is recommended to hold joint and periodic working sessions, at least quarterly.
  • Assertive communication and transparent reporting within the LC is essential to ensure that the interests of all participating groups are expressed respectfully and taken into account for efficient planning.
  • All resources available to Local Committee participants (financial, intellectual, human, academic and technical) can be leveraged if strategically negotiated.
  • Participatory planning methodologies are a good way to gather perspectives, needs, opportunities and available resources, which speeds up the subsequent implementation of planned actions.
  • The establishment of agreed indicators to monitor CBI progress facilitates the identification of opportunities for improvement.
Individual reforestation as an ecosystem-based climate change adaptation strategy

The shortfall between supply and demand for wood fuel in northern regions has led to an ever-increasing degradation of natural resources, a reduction in vegetation cover and a drop in agricultural productivity.

Individual reforestation is carried out on a small scale, on areas ranging from 0.25 to 5 ha. Two main types of reforestation have been implemented: i) agroforestry reforestation, which takes place on cultivated land with the aim of improving farmland productivity despite climate change; ii) forest reforestation, which takes place on degraded land unsuitable for farming, with the aim of restoring degraded forest cover and improving the supply of ecosystem goods and services.

The creation and management of a private plantation follows the main stages of reforestation in dry savannah zones, as described in the GIZ manual on the technical itinerary for reforestation in dry savannah zones in Cameroon.

Beneficiaries were provided with training and technical data sheets for setting up and monitoring individual reforestation plots.

  • Clear land tenure status of areas to be reforested;
  • Active involvement of beneficiaries;
  • Respect for the silvicultural calendar;
  • Compliance with the technical itinerary for reforestation in the dry savannah zone of Cameroon;
  • Effective implementation of the post-planting monitoring mechanism.
  • The success of reforestation depends, on the one hand, on compliance with the silvicultural schedule for carrying out each of these activities, and, on the other hand, on compliance with the guidelines set out in the manual on reforestation itineraries in the dry savannah zone of Cameroon;
  • The implementation of a monitoring system for reforested sites guarantees good results;
  • cattle roaming is one of the causes of reforestation failure in some areas. However, the introduction of measures to secure reforested areas has limited the impact of livestock straying on reforestation.
Dissemination of improved cookstoves in the Far North Region

The promotion and use of Foyer Amélioré (FA) is one of the mitigation strategies used by GIZ/ECO Consult to reduce pressure on the timber forest resource in the Far North, as their use reduces household wood consumption and related expenditure.The dissemination and use of Foyer Amélioré Trois pierres (FA3P) and Foyer Amélioré bil-bil in the Far North region since 2015 has enabled a significant and rapid reduction in wood-energy consumption.

Dissemination of the FA3P essentially targets rural and peri-urban areas where wood is the only source of combustion (over 95% of the population depend on it) and building materials are locally available and free of charge, whereas the FA Bil-bil targets rural and urban areas due to the presence of wood-using Small and Medium Enterprises.

  • Dissemination strategy with an organizational structure consisting of 2 coordinators supervising 20 relay trainers;
  • Low FA3P construction costs;
  • Involvement of partner organizations (Ministère des Forêts et de la Faune (MINFOF), Ministère de l'Environnement de la Protection de la Nature et du Développement Durable (MINEPDED) and Lutheran World Federation-LWF).
  • On a technical level, it should be remembered that in general, before the actual training sessions, awareness-raising must be meticulously carried out to convince people of the merits of making and using FA3Ps.
  • On an organizational level, the development and implementation of a new FA dissemination strategy with the deployment in the field of a staff comprising 2 Coordinators supervising 20 Trainer-Relays since November 2018 has enabled a considerable increase in the number of FA3Ps built in households.
  • The lack of a financing mechanism for the FA bil-bil of SMEs is an obstacle to the spread of this type of fireplace;
  • The FA3P made from clay and dung can last up to 1 year. It can be easily repaired or rebuilt by the users themselves, provided they were trained when the first one was built;
  • A verification protocol for the FA3Ps built has been set up to assess and control the quality of the stoves built.
Carbonization of sawmill waste in the Eastern Region

The East Cameroon Region is the country's main forest region. It has 24 wood processing units, generating around 500,000 m3 of scrap wood per year.

The carbonization of sawmill waste has gradually been introduced, given the enormous waste observed in wood processing (material yield of 35%).

Support consisted in organizing and structuring producer groups. Once these producer groups had been legally recognized, efforts were made to sign sawmill scrap agreements with raw material holders, in order to secure the supply of scrap wood to charcoal makers.

The professionalization of charcoal makers in the production chain has focused on the development and implementation of Environmental Impact Notices for charcoal-making activities, and training in improved charcoal-making techniques. It also involved facilitating access to the secure transport documents needed to bring coal to market.

An institutional framework for monitoring the value chain has been set up at regional level, to ensure the improvement of framework conditions for the value chain.

  • The strong involvement of sectoral administrations, with the establishment of a regional platform to guide and monitor the development of the value chain by ministerial decision;
  • The willingness of the private sector (owners of wood processing units) to support the carbonization activity by making scrap wood available to charcoal makers;
  • The availability of a huge potential of scrap wood;
  • The strong participation of local communities thanks to the income generated by the activity.
  • The carbonization of sawmill waste enables UTBs to reduce the incineration of wood waste in the open air and generates financial resources for the local communities involved in the activity;
  • the issue of governance in the development of this value chain requires a great deal of attention, particularly with regard to parafiscality, which considerably reduces profit margins;
  • the carbonization of sawmill waste is a circular economy model that generates positive effects in terms of avoided deforestation;
  • The take-up of Improved Carbonization Techniques is quite good, especially when the technique in question does not require additional investment.
Obtaining consent, project adjustment and communication

Once the communities have been consulted, a process of internal reflection is opened, without the participation of the executing organizations, through which the communities decide whether or not to give their consent to the project and define their degree of participation in the project based on their interest in it.

During the reflection, if any doubts or clarifications arise, the consultant is at the disposal of the communities to inform them, without recommending or intervening, but only providing information. During this stage, the communities express, if necessary, recommendations within the framework of the project activities.

In accordance with the communities' internal governance processes, they give their consent and sign a document in the presence of invited stakeholders such as local authorities and leaders of indigenous organizations. The event is covered by local and national media.

  1. The adaptive management of the project, with openness to recommendations as well as sincerely explaining the reasons why demands cannot be satisfied.
  2. Allowing time for reflection, without conditions or limitations so that the communities can decide whether or not to participate in their own governance, or to condition it.
  3. The degree of trust built from socialization to the consultation process with communities is fundamental for obtaining consent.
  1. It is important not to pressure the communities to decide whether or not to give their consent; it is preferable to reschedule or extend the execution time than to obtain an undesired result.
  2. Socialization, consultation and consent generate expectations in the context of the project that the project can meet, so community participation becomes active.
  3. Maintaining communication with the communities makes them persevere in the project activities and makes it possible to overcome difficulties that may arise, in this case the effects of the pandemic and tropical storms.
Knowledge Management and Climate Change Adaptation

This block refers to the set of activities and processes that strengthen the exchange of information and experiences related to the design, implementation and monitoring of the solution. This allows building a shared knowledge base with the potential to facilitate the adaptation process and accelerate innovation and expected change/adjustments.

The main activities are:

  • Formation and training of commissions to recover local narratives that interweave actors, perceptions, experiences, knowledge and changes that are triggered throughout the adaptation process,
  • Systematization of the solution to identify lessons learned and confirm the results of the process.
  • Elaboration and dissemination of materials with great communicative power that show the territory, the actions carried out and the main protagonists of the adaptation process.
  1. Understanding that beneficiaries are the key actors in climate change adaptation processes.
  2. Identifying and listening to community narratives makes it possible to recognize the resilience of their livelihoods.
  3. Vulnerability to floods is differentiated for women and men, as well as the strategies and capacities they bring into play to face it.
  4. Communication materials should consider the needs and capacities of different groups and enhance their participation and empowerment.
  1. Adaptation to climate change is also a process of innovation, and as such is a path and not a destination. Its raison d'être is to make visible the conditions that increase the vulnerability of a system of interest and to offer solutions that generate a positive impact on the quality of life of people and the ecosystems that sustain them.
  2. For this reason, knowledge management plays an important role, as it allows generating a virtuous cycle of learning and improvement of adaptive management and disaster risk reduction processes; hence the importance of promoting a permanent reflection on reality and a more dynamic and lively flow of knowledge between beneficiaries, technical teams and the general project, which allows creating more robust solutions.
Citizen monitoring

The SbN citizen monitoring exercise is a useful tool in the analysis of better solution alternatives for local communities, but also to promote good governance and transparency, since it allows citizens to learn about the problems and challenges of ecosystem-based adaptation actions and to propose complementary alternatives for improving social organization, diversifying economic activities, new governance practices, among others:

  • to know the problems and challenges of ecosystem-based adaptation actions and the proposal of complementary alternatives for the improvement of social organization, diversification of economic activities, new governance practices, among others.
  • Raise realistic expectations about collective action and better understand their role as contributors to local well-being.
  • Recognize the relationship between adaptation to climate change and local development that responds to the needs, demands and realities of vulnerable groups.

-The Peasant Learning Communities are groups of farmers organized by agricultural sectors, whose leaders are responsible for coordinating the collection of information on the implementation of the measure and monitoring its results.

Citizen monitoring of the solution should be oriented towards recognizing :

  • Changes in the institutional framework of the adaptation process.
  • Changes in the vulnerability conditions of agricultural livelihoods (biophysical, social and economic).
  • Changes in the resilience conditions of livelihoods (recovery in less time, reduction of losses and damages, better knowledge of the factors that exacerbate the impacts of floods, systematization of experience, innovation and adaptive management).

To obtain favorable results, farmer leaders should be trained to:

  • obtain quality local information
  • Carefully select data according to each monitoring component.
  • thoroughly validate the information with the support of field technicians
  • structure the information based on the Datlas Platform