Building the case for increased funding for protected area and coral reef management

DECR is one of the main protected area managers in TCI. As a government department, DECR depends on funding allocated through a regular budget cycle. Although the government collects a number of fees and taxes that are linked to nature-dependent sectors such as tourism, none of these payments is earmarked to protected area management. Instead, these funds flow to the consolidated fund, from which they are redistributed across public entities.

 

Building a strong case for protected area management was fundamental for DECR to promote: 1. increasing funding through the regular budget cycle, and 2. earmarking of a portion of nature-related revenues.

 

To support DECR in this task, GCFI funded technical assistance for the estimation of budget needs and gaps for basic and optimal protected area management. In addition, an assessment of the tourism value of nature was conducted based on existing studies. By comparing these figures, DECR could show authorities that increasing funding was financially reasonable, given that its operating budget in the year under analysis (2015/2016) was 25 times smaller than the added value of nature for tourism and 30 times smaller than the nature-related tourism revenue for the government.

  • Active participation of DECR staff in different functional areas to help establish specific budget needs.
  • Availability of 'willingness to pay' studies in neighbouring countries and territories with similar visitor profiles.
  • Availability of information from tourist exit survey.

Active involvement of various DECR representatives in the preparation of the business case was fundamental due to the following reasons:

  • Key staff should have a good understanding of the information presented in the business case and the methods used, so that this can be used and updated in the future.
  • Key staff should also be able to effectively communicate the business case to stakeholders.
  • If any staff members leaves the institution, then other members involved in the process should be able to transfer the information internally.
Giant squid fishery monitoring

Having information for sustainable fisheries management is fundamental. Unlike many fisheries in Mexico, the giant squid fishery in small and large scale has implemented fishery monitoring since 2010. The National Giant Squid Product System Committee, together with the authorities (CONAPESCA, INAPESCA and SADER), designed and implemented the Integrated Fisheries and Environmental Information System for the analysis of the giant squid fishery (SIIPACAL) in Northwest Mexico. The platform collects detailed real-time information on catches (e.g., fishing zones, catch volumes, fishing effort, etc.), and environmental information (e.g., temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, etc.), to learn more about the behavior of the resource according to the fishing season and environmental conditions.

The data collected in fishery monitoring are fundamental to provide information on the state of the resource and to improve management, taking into account scientific information and traditional knowledge. These good practices can be adapted to any fishery and scale, as has been done by the Comité Nacional Sistema Producto de Calamar Giant Squid.

1. Facilitate rapprochement with government agencies by the productive sector, and promote commitment to long-term collaboration.

2. Integrate the productive sector in the implementation of fisheries monitoring, provide training on the benefits of improving resource management, as well as methods for data collection.

3. Follow up on the analysis of data and its integration into decision making about the fishery by all stakeholders involved.

  1. Knowing the information gaps in the fishery helps to develop a methodology to improve decision making in resource management.
  2. Designing and implementing an integrated monitoring system (SIIPACAL) in collaboration with the productive sector helps establish relationships of trust to contribute to good management.
  3. Train the productive sector in data collection (biological and fisheries) and have them validated by government agencies.
  4. To improve management and governance in the squid fishery, it is necessary for the productive sector to maintain active fishery monitoring through continuous follow-up and involvement of the productive and government sectors.
  5. The information generated should be shared with fishing communities, the government sector and academia, through previously agreed means, using available platforms.
  6. Define strategies for fishery management with the information generated.
Co-management in the giant squid fishery

The actors involved in fisheries need to work under a management system that seeks to comply with national laws and regulations to consolidate the responsible and sustainable use of resources. It has been documented that organized groups achieve greater benefits if they are formed in a participatory manner with a common vision, work plans, agreed-upon rules, and commitment from government agencies.

The giant squid fishery integrates small and large-scale fishermen and fisherwomen, as well as all links in the value chain through the Comité Nacional Sistema Producto (National Product System Committee). The Committee identified the need to actively participate in fishery management and decision-making. This helped to form and formalize a technical-biological research sub-committee, made up of various sectors: government, academia, civil society organizations, and representatives of the national committee. This sub-committee established a common objective and internal regulations that set out the guidelines for assigning responsibilities and roles to each actor involved. This, in turn, strengthened governance and the collective effort to generate and document traditional and scientific information for squid co-management.

  1. A high degree of organization among fishermen and fisherwomen, research and management institutions, since squid is an internationally shared resource, widely distributed and mobile.
  2. The existence of a multi-sectoral group that incorporates the knowledge of each sector, with the objective of generating research and information towards an adequate management of the fishery.
  3. Effective and transparent governance within the group (e.g., formalization, establishment of guidelines, responsibilities, procedures).

  1. Carry out a mapping of stakeholders interested in the use and management of the squid resource.
  2. Generate a work plan with actions, roles and responsibilities.
  3. Generate signed agreements and follow-up by the stakeholders involved (fishing communities, government sector, academia, civil society organizations) that will allow progress in the improvements proposed in the work plan.
  4. Consider that the General Law of Sustainable Fisheries and Aquacultures (LGPAS) recognizes and encourages the commitment of government agencies with the product system committees (e.g., in follow-up, financing), being remarkable a better integration of the committees to the effective co-management of the fishery.
  5. Review in periodic meetings the agreements, advances and new challenges encountered in the management of the fishery.
  6. Identify the deficiencies of the fishery in contrast to international sustainability criteria (in the pre-assessment of the MSC standard).
  7. Share information with the different stakeholders in the fishery, through the fishery progress platform (https://fisheryprogress.org/).

Up-cycling plastic waste

The process of upcycling plastic waste to make products of value such as jewellery and sculptures is truly valuable. It requires one to assess the whole plastic value chain to identify the gaps, opportunities and pain points in order to plan accordingly.

Hotels and the general tourism sector in Watamu have provided a ready market for such products as well as training of community groups on artistry and connected them to business financing enterprises.

Create a favourable ecosystem for the products to access markets as well as partnering with financing institutions to enhance capacities of community groups on savings and investment.

Creation of employment

Creating plastic waste value chains by paying waste pickers per kg of plastic collected has created enterprising youth and women groups that have been able to eke a living as well as enhanced savings through micro finance facilities resulting in improved living standards.

Trained community groups have been able to become champions on circular economy as well as becoming agents of change through beach clean-ups as well as maintaining waste collection points.

The creation of employment must be complemented with training on the circular economy. This two lessons must complement one another in order to create a platform where circularity is accepted, understood and implemented.

Infrastructural development

 

 

The established plastic treatment facility is very critical in developing pellets that were used to developed plastic upcycled products that were later sold as artifacts.

Investment in a waste collection vehicle to increase collection of plastic waste and expand operations of ramping up waste collection.​

 

The availability of an established plastic waste value chain provided the raw material for the facility as well as partnerships ramped up waste from the hotels including training community groups to be waste management champions via Beach clean-ups and waste pickers.

Finding a market for the plastic pellets is very critical in providing sustainability of the plastic value chain and thus creating circularity in the plastic waste management mix that might involve upcycling, down cycling and treatment.

Partnerships

Creating dynamic plastic waste value chains through collaboration between local community groups (youth, women) and the hotel industry. Where community groups collect and sort the waste. The value of partnership is very critical in ensuring streamlining circularity as well as ensuring synergies are pulled concertedly.

Partnering with hotels to source recyclable waste and training of hotel staff on best waste management was factor that accelerated organizing plastic waste collection, storage, and transport logistics within Watamu, Malindi, and Kilifi

There is value in creating meaningful partnerships through capacity building and providing incentives in creating circularity on waste management through training, dialogue, and engagement for the stakeholders to maximize their impact.

Private sector involvement

In the past, sea-turtle used to use many different beaches in Con Dao islands for breeding. However, due to the pressure from economic development, they had to retreat to few beaches inside the national park. When Con Dao Resort Co., Ltd. (Six Senses) started it business, Dat Doc was one of the left-over beaches. With new business model, the beach is well protected and regularly cleaned by the company's employees. After few years, in early 2018, sea-turtle started comeback Dat Doc for laying eggs. Fully aware the importance of sea-turtle conservation, the directors approached park managers, and with an agreement from Ba Ria-Vung Tau PPC, a collaborative project was initiated which aims to restore and conserve sea-turtle breeding grounds in Dat Doc beach.

 

After 3 years of implementation, the company has have invested c. USD 38,000 in following activities: an awareness programme, improve breeding sea turtle breeding habitats, setup a hatching pond 50m² with fence and CCTV system, and regular joined patrols by park rangers and company staff (1,044 working days, relocating 10 nests, 678 eggs, and releasing 464 baby turtles). The company continues to commit c. USD 70,000 for this programme in next 5 years.

- New public and private sector awareness toward biodiversity conservation

- New state policies on socialization biodiversity conservation

- A responsive cooporate that ready to invest in biodiversity conservation

With an new environmental-friendly attitute from business sector, this project is the first effort of sea turtle conservation in Vietnam which have the participation of a tourism business. This is a good example for demonstrating the role of private sector in socializing the investment for conservation work. The success of this project brought mutual benefits for both protected area and the company, where the well-conserved habitats for turtle also providing key tourism products that attract more visitors using the company's services.

IUCN Sea turtle Volunteer Programme

Since 2014, IUCN has initiated the sea turtle conservation volunteer programme in partnership with Con Dao National Park, Hon Cau Marine Protected Area and Nui Chua National Park. 

 

The programme has been gathering lots of interest from people who come from all fields of work. For 7 years, IUCN has received almost 10,000 applicants and only be able to select less than 5% of these due to the special requirements of the selected sites and specific field activities. The programme received positive results and feedback from volunteers.

 

To date, 24 courses were organized in Con Dao that participated by 314 volunteers. The volunteers had contributed more than 3,000 person-days to support translocating almost 2,300 nests of 300,000 turtle eggs, released more than 110,000 baby turtles to the sea. They also work with park rangers to prepare breeding grounds, repaired hatcheries, patrolling and clean the beaches.

 

Not only supplementing the human resource for conservation action, the volunteers programme has help raising public awareness on sea turtle as well as marine life conservation as a whole. There were hundred media stories prepared by the volunteers in last 6 years that help changing public attitude on sea-turtle conservation.

New public attitude toward biodiversity conservation

New wave of volutarism in Vietnam since beginning of 2000s

Protected Area policies are now more open to receive the supports from a wider range of actors

Volunteer participation is one of the important factors contributing to the success of the Con Dao Sea Turtle Program.

 

Appear in Vietnam from early 2000s, volunteer activities quickly became movements that attracted a large number of youth participation. Most of these activities focus on charity, rescue, and relief programs, etc. With a good orientation, volunteers can participate and make meaningful contributions to biodiversity conservation. This is an effective channel to mobilize both resources and advocacy for conservation.

Successful conservation of sea-turtles in Con Dao National Park

The sea-turtle conservation programme was started in Con Dao since mid-1980s. In more than 30 years of implementation, Con Dao national park now has a comprehensive programme of different activities that includes:

  • Breeding ground surveys and monitoring
  • Law enforcement: protection/patrolling
  • Support breeding activities: remove eggs to the hatcheries (support incubation), releasing baby turtles to the sea
  • Communication and education programme for different target groups, including local schools and fishermen, and visitors

By 2020, outcomes of this programme include:

  • Identify and protect 17 breading grounds (beaches) in the islands
  • In 2020, c. 750 mother turtles were recorded breeding from January to November (mostly from May to October).
  • 2,395 hatches (227,858 eggs) were removed to the hatcheries, 2,195 hatches were hatched, 171,949 baby turtles were released to the sea. (197 hatches with 17,139 eggs are still incubation at the time of documentation).
  • Communication campaigns were organized with army, police, district offices, schools, fisher communities, and visitors.
  • Collaborate with private sector (Six Senses) to establish a new breeding ground and hatchery in Dat Doc beach.
  • Collaborate with IUCN to conduct 4 courses for volunteers to support sea-turtle conservation in Con Dao.

- Determination of the National Park management board and related agencies of Ba Ria-Vung Tau.

- Support from international conservation communities.

- Support from public.

- Sustainable financing from diverse sources.

The success of the Con Dao sea turtle conservation programme comes from a combination of efforts from the park management, international support, public interest and involvement. In particular, private sector participation is one of the key factors that will help shape in the future an important additional resource for conservation efforts (see BB 3).