Training on use of locally available raw materials to manufacture organic inputs and amendments

This ensures that the most basic concept for sustainability is practiced by participating farmers and that it is nutrient recycling to veer away from input intensive dependence and transforming into low-input organic practices.  Successfully carrying out this objective supports the  participating farmers but also other farmers, who may want to try their hands on organic farming, the readily available supply of organic bokashi, vermicast and natural farming systems concoctions.  The organic inputs will provide much needed nutrients and micronutrients required by rice plants in order for it to manifest its maximum potentials at optimum conditions.  Healthy rice plants establish what is known as the "positive feedback loop" where it develops healthy and substantial root architectures which feed the upper biomass resulting in better photosynthetic capabilities which can then provide nutrients for the roots to develop even more.  Once this loop is established, the plant can easily ward off pest and disease attacks. The preparation of organic inputs also offers an opportunity for farmers to sell to other parties outside of ZIDOFA and can supplement their income while waiting for their rice to be harvested. Sufficient supply of organic inputs lessens dependence on chemicals. 

Continued education on newer technologies coupled with farm to farm visits will allow farmers to not only share knowledge but also to share available materials needed as ingredients for organic input manufacture. 

 

Presence of open sided rain shelters for the farmers to work on. 

 

 

Continuous monitoring and mentoring to ensure that the organic inputs are applied at the right amount and at the right schedules. Inability to follow input application schedules will lead to lower yield. 

 

Continous monitoring of raw materials used to ensure quality and organic integrity of organic inputs. 

 

Documentation of yields versus inputs applied is important to show correlation and effectiveness.

Use of the Organic-Based System of Rice Intensification as the preferred protocol for rice cultivation

The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is a group of agronomic management practices and principles which delivers optimum conditions for rice plants to manifest their fullest potentials for growth and yield.  This climate and enviroment friendly method of rice cultivation uses 50 percent less irrigation water, requires 90 percent less seeds and allows for the cultivation of rice using only organic inputs with zero chemical or synthetic fertilizers.  

 

SRI ensures that farmers in the group all use the same protocols or method of cultivation, use the same seed varieties and prepare organic inputs using the same formulas and use them in the same dosages.  These ensure that quality of rice grains are consistently of high quality and of the same organic integrity from farmer to farmer. 

 

Additionally, organic SRI plants exhibit substantial root architectures which allows them to withstand long periods of drought or extreme bouts of wind and rain.  The deeply entrenched roots also allow for maximum uptake of nutriens and water as well as allows the rice plants to sequester deeper in the soil horizon, organic and photosynthetic carbon.  The use of intermittent irrigation also lessens emissions of methane as a Green House Gas and the non-use of fertilizers reduce carbon emissions.

 

Key to the project would be the successfull execution of organic-based SRI practices and principles by the participating farmers.  As such, continued training for SRI and organic agricultural practices should be conducted. 

 

The availability of organic fertilizers and inputs is critical to replace the nutrients otherwise previously provided by synthetic fertilizers..   

 

On-site and continuous farmer monitoring and mentoring will reduce risk and increase probability of succes especially for first time practitioners.

 

Volunteerism is key to success as the lack of farm labor could delay the execution of agronomic tasks related to SRI and will result in compounding of problems.  If rotary weeding is delayed or not done as scheduled, weeds will grow out of control and will lead to failuer.  If not enough organic inputs are avaiable and applied to the rice paddies and sprayed to the plants as foliar fertilizers, then yield will not  be maximized.   

 

Farmers who are too dependent tend to cheat and apply chemicals and poisons for diseases and pests when no one is looking.  Random monitoring and strict mentoring discourages this.  Only when the plants have shown their robust health will most first-timers be convinced that healthy organic rice plants can ward off pest and disease infestations on their own. 

 

Lack of farm equipment will likewise adversely affect the planting and cultivation schedules.  Preparing project proposals to government agencies should be done in advance as it may take a year or two for assitance and support to be placed in the pipeline for delivery

 

Vacant urban land and landuse contracts

Vacant urban land is the essential building block required for the implementation of a community garden. The urban sprawl offers spaces where such gardens can be created. Areas include land below electricity lines, near oil pipelines, city-owned land, or private properties. 

 

Cities Without Hunger makes contracts with land owners on the use of the respective area. The land is given to the NGO for free. In turn, land owners can be certain that their land is going to be used as a community garden, avoiding the misuse of areas as dumping sites, and helping prevent wilful damage of infrastructures such as electricity lines or oil pipelines. On such areas, other landuses such as housing are prohibited. That way, landuse conflicts do not occur. 

 

Land use contractors include e. g. the energy supplier Petrobras, Transpetro, or Eletropaulo. 

 

With a growing number of community gardens and strong media presence within São Paulo and beyond, Cities Without Hunger earned a reputation as an NGO with who private and public land proprietors want to collaborate. Hence, getting access to new areas is usually unproblematic. 

  • vacant urban land
  • land proprietors willing to sign a landuse contract with Cities Without Hunger 
  • trust in Cities Without Hunger: a good reputation as reliable partner through strong media presence and word-of-mouth both within citizens' circles and the corporate and public realm
  • Due to soil contamination, not all areas within the city can be used for plant cultivation. Hence, it is necessary to take soil samples and have them tested in a laboratory before starting a garden. Gardens will not be built on soil which does not meet the requirements.
  • Public relations work with the media, primarily television and newspapers, matters: It helped and still supports the NGO's good reputation. 
Upscaling of implementation of Dynamic Agroforestry Systems

 

The producer family with their garden is always linked with a broader sphere, such as the relationships between gender and generations, the social organisation, community, local and international markets, the cultures, and – something often overlooked as important – religion and/or spirituality. These aspects, however, should be considered within the concept of training.

The proposed methodology is based on a period of intensive theoretical and practical training of local trainers (facilitators) and lead farmers. In addition, the participants must "rebuild" their knowledge on their own plots of land. Individual practice must be supervised and accompanied by a senior trainer experienced in Dynamic Agroforestry.

Lead farmers present their practical know-how and document the processes experienced in the following installation period. In this way, a practical implementation of the concepts worked on can be achieved within a concrete context for the production level of a rural family. 

Upscaling is achieved as followed:

 

- 1 local trained facilitator trains 10 lead farmers

 

- 10 lead farmers accompany 5 to 10 farmers each in implementing DAF

 

- 10 trainers accompany 100 lead farmers

 

- 100 lead farmers  = 500 to 1000 followers

- A long term concept of developing programs for at least 5 years

- Participitory institutional framework

- Commited and open-minded staff 

- Budget for training, follow up, equipment, and monitoring

- Accurate selection of local trainers and lead farmers

- Practically skilled SAF senior trainers

- Access to market for cash crops

- Short term benefits for farmers (anual crops, less labour, no expenses for external inputs) 

The most important experience is the benefit of land preparation without fire. The advantage of SAF can be seen already after a couple of months, which helps to encourage farmers to extend learning plots step by step to the whole plantation. Short-term economic needs foster monocultures with expensive external inputs, creating more short-term economic needs. Also, agriculture is not a desirable future for many, and the young migrate to cities (generational conflict). National mega-projects such as dams threaten local initiatives. Other adverse conditions are unfulfilled basic needs, bad infrastructure and extreme climate conditions that impede dedication to long-term SAFS initiatives. However, we note an increasing awareness of the importance to preserve trees and biodiversity, and interest in SAF because of the need to restore soil fertility, and because families see that those who implement the mode are being less affected by climate change impacts, have better working conditions, healthier and more diverse food, and better markets (e.g. for organic cacao, coffee, coconut or coca). 

Farmer field schools

As there is no general recipe for SAFS (but principles), we use the experience and vision of local “lighthouse” families in field courses and farmer-to farmer exchanges. Concretely we accompany the restoration of degraded plots, and also the implementation of new ones, with a successional focus and without using fire.
During a 12 months modulized training with 8 modules of one week each, farmers a trained in dynamic agroforestry. 5 modules are centralized where the principles of dynamic agroforestry are taught in theory and practice. Between the centralized modules, the participants are implementing according to their specific farm conditions a dynamic agroforestry plantation on their own farm. ECOTOP trainers monitor and supervise them, visiting each participant on their farm. The implementation, costs, challenges, problems, development and success is recorded by each participant. During the last module as "final test" each participant presents his experiences with his garden and lessons learnt. One concept is to grant local innovative farmers a university title of agricultural technicians, which generates prestige in the communities and helps to interact with policy-makers. Many of such “peritos” have become local leaders and are now in various positions, promoting SAF locally.

 

Rewarded local leaders educated in SAF with a university degree has helped to establish and to develop the vision in various local public and private entities. Especially women have profited increasing their decision-making role in the families, as they were often the first to try SAF with a view to satisfy food security, involving their children in the activities. Often husbands joined later on when seeing benefits in yields and household economy. Crucial of the success is a thorough selection of participants who are committed and open minded.

Those farms that follow the logic of short-term (e.g. food, banana and hibiscus which has a stable market), medium (e.g. fruit trees, coffee, cacao, coca) and long-term (high-value timber) crops have been the most successful. Also, complementing a cash crop (e.g. cacao) with food crops that generates income throughout the year (e.g. banana) has shown to be a successful economic strategy. It is crucial to accompany the process closely from the beginning on. At least 3 on-farm field visits of each farmer with practical instructions is required during the first year. Follow up should be guaranteed during 3 to 5 years. A dynamic and participatory local institutional framework is essential.
-Obstacles are often institutional restrictions or lack of understanding of dynamics of nature, therefore, learning has to be considered as a process in the long term. Another main obstacle is an extractivist logic that has been promoted with the colonization of the Yungas and other tropical areas, an approach where nature and biodiversity are rather seen as threat than as virtue.

Climate Atlas

The climate Atlas for the Stuttgart region was published in 2008 and comprises of standardised climatic assessments for 179 towns and municipalities in the Stuttgart region. It provides relevant information and maps required for urban climatic optimisation, such as regional wind patterns, air pollution concentrations, temperature, etc.

 

A key element of the atlas in terms of EbA planning for airflow and cooling is an area classification based on the role that different locations play in air exchange and cool airflow in the Stuttgart region. This is based on topography, development density and character, and provision of green space. The Atlas distinguishes eight categories of areas in this manner, and for each of them different planning measures and recommendations are provided.

 

Planning recommendations were included in the “Climate Booklet for Urban Development Online – Städtebauliche Klimafibel Online".

The Atlas was based on the previous work in this area carried out by the City of Stuttgart since the 1980s and the in-house urban climatology department (in existence in the City of Stuttgart since 1938). Indeed a climate Atlas had been published in 1992, upon which the current Atlas was extended.

Maps are important tools for planning and for communicating information to relevant stakeholders. They are necessary for attaining climatic and air quality goals.

 

The study provides important insights that can be used for climate protection and the recommendations include a focus on the transformation of green space and vegetation into the built city and the preservation and restoration of natural vegetation, including ensuring green corridors.  

Develop local and national capacity for Eco-DRR

The project invested significantly in building capacity for Eco-DRR implementation. Firstly, awareness raising for different audiences (communities in the project area, government, university and other local and national audiences) was conducted by various means such as radio, conferences, workshops, factsheets and posters, 3D model and video.

 

Secondly various workshops on Eco-DRR implementation were undertaken at the local level to instruct on nursery management, early warning and preparedness, community resilience centre management, as well as trainers training. Field demonstrations and practical trainings at the provincial and national level served as a basis for strengthening Provincial and National Governments’ understanding of Eco-DRR practice in order to sustain future implementation and replication of Eco-DRR measures.

 

Finally, the project involved universities in Afghanistan in national and provincial EcoDRR conferences and trainings, in an effort to mainstream Eco-DRR concepts and practical knowledge in university programmes.

Having a long standing relationship and working with local organizations and actors is important for a good communication strategy and enabling capacity building. Furthermore, additional funding enabled a learning exchange to promote Eco-DRR and CCA in the region between Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan.

Dialogue, involving stakeholders and working with local organizations, having a local pilot demonstration project and investing heavily in strengthening capacity are key for sustainability.

Transmission of knowledge through local networks

Farmers are part of a local network that shares information about traditional and new management practices. This pool of shared knowledge enhances resilience by increasing the capacity to respond adaptively to change.

Farmers experiment with new and old varieties of seeds or with new (using latest scientific findings) or traditional management methods to mitigate disturbances (such as pests). Experimentation can provide “new” solutions to climate change impacts.

Some farmers were part of non-governmental organisations which provided a source of knowledge and practices that improve small holder farming that could be shared.

Experimenting and exchanging information increases adaptive capacity and resilience of the farmers in response to climate variability and change.

Furthermore, reviving traditional knowledge provides some interesting solutions to the impacts of changes in climate such as increased pests. For example, stinging nettles (Urticaria dioica) were known to enhance resistance of livestock and vegetables against disease. Using an infusion of stinging nettles to spray crops, increased the survival of the potato crop.

Ensuring Sustained Utility

In order for the finished product to have practical value, the model should be i) hosted in a location convenient and conducive to land use planning, ii) hosted in a place free from environmental elements (rain, wind, salt water, etc), iii) visible by community/state planning agencies, iv) revisited on a regular basis to incorporate spatial information into ongoing planning exercises

- A hosting space/agency free from environmental elements

- Enthusiasm for use by state and community planning groups

If a case can be purchased/provided, covering the model will extend its shelf life by years. 

Introduce spelt as alternative habitat for grassland-dependent species

With the loss of large fields of agricultural grasslands to corn and soybean, and the lack of interest in installing new ones, wildlife dependent upon this habitat inevitably are impacted. Grasslands in North America rank as one of the region's 21 most endangered ecosystems. Many remaining grasslands, especially in eastern North America are almost entirely embedded within agricultural landscapes. Because of landscape changes, many endangered birds and other wildlife, including pollinators, are increasingly dependent on the agricultural community for habitat creation, maintenance, and health.

Beneficial insects such as bees, butterflies and other pollinators were also observed in the spelt fields because, unlike corn, wheat and soybean fields, other forbs were allowed to grow between the spelt crop rows. Not only does the use of spelt in a farm’s rotation site provide critical breeding habitat and foraging areas for rare grassland birds, the use of the crop also provides suitable habitat for other species, thus increasing biodiversity.

Bird survey results outlined in our study indicated that spelt fields were utilized by target species all years of the study. From a wildlife conservation perspective, the study indicated that the spelt fields can serve a dual use as both an economically sustainable alternative agricultural crop and a surrogate habitat for grassland-dependent bird species. Results of the project were presented at farmer workshops hosted by the USDA-NRCS and NJ Audubon.