La cooperación transfronteriza en PEM entre los archipiélagos puede nutrirse de experiencias de otros procesos llevados a cabo en otros ámbitos, por lo que se buscó recopilar buenas prácticas y lecciones aprendidas que sirvieran de referencia. Como fuentes de información se utilizaron trabajos que han profundizado en las extensas bases de datos ya disponibles a nivel internacional. Los criterios usados para filtrar, seleccionar y analizar las lecciones aprendidas tenían relación con los retos singulares y específicos de la Macaronesia (insularidad, ultraperiferia, etc.).

Las lecciones aprendidas seleccionadas fueron agrupadas por asuntos estratégicos transfronterizos para el PEM y la cooperación transfronteriza. Cada asunto podía constar de una o más lecciones aprendidas, siempre siguiendo una misma estructura: resumen de las lecciones; análisis detallado y referencias con más información; referencias a las buenas prácticas asociadas a dichas lecciones; y un análisis de su aplicabilidad a la Macaronesia. Esto permitió extraer recomendaciones para la cooperación transfronteriza en PEM en la Macaronesia europea, orientadas primero a cuestiones generales y luego a los sectores vinculados a los asuntos transnacionales estratégicos.

¿Cómo promover la cooperación transfronteriza entre Estados miembros con diferentes prioridades de planificación, problemas de gestión y marcos de gobernanza distintos?

En este primer paso se realizó un diagnóstico integrado, desde el enfoque de los servicios ecosistémicos, centrado en el análisis de las interrelaciones entre los tres archipiélagos. Este análisis permitió identificar los asuntos de interés común y priorizar los de más fácil resolución como punto de partida para guiar los esfuerzos de cooperación. Además, se estudiaron los distintos marcos de gobernanza, nacionales entre España-Portugal pero también a nivel regional entre Azores-Madeira-Canarias, lo que permitió determinar las principales dificultades y limitaciones asociadas, que suponían un hándicap para la cooperación transfronteriza, al igual que las oportunidades y mecanismos existentes que pudieran facilitarla.

De forma paralela al trabajo técnico, resultó muy útil realizar un proceso participativo para incorporar la información de los actores sociales, económicos e institucionales de los diferentes archipiélagos. Lo anterior fue apoyado por un Atlas cartográfico con más de 200 mapas y su correspondiente visor en línea para visibilizar los distintos asuntos de cooperación, facilitando el resto de dinámicas de trabajo.

Through the three workshops, Arakwal knowledge holders had time to identify, discuss and build consent on the priority values, most important actions and how to evaluate success.

Through this process, protecting and caring for the Byron Bay orchid and its habitat, the graminoid clay heath were identified as the highest priority for management. Both have cross-cultural significance as they have cultural significance for Arakwal people and are listed as endangered under Australian Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. NPWS and Arakwal people are working to protect these values but are faced with challenges of limited resources and information.

Ten key actions were identified to help manage the cultural and ecological values of the orchid and its habitat including: activities to bring people on country, management of weeds and encroaching trees in the clay heath habitat, harvesting of seeds and fruits, communication to reduce impacts of neighbours and visitors. One of the most important actions identified was to undertake a cultural burn in the heath which requires burning to regenerate and control weeds and invasive plants. Cultural burning is defined as “burning practices developed by Aboriginal people to enhance the health of the land and its people” (Firesticks Alliance Indigenous Corporation).

To prevent mismanagement of plastics waste from reaching beaches and the marine environment, the investment of litter booms, traps, and other technological solutions is and still a priority.

The Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute (GCFI) supported technical assistance for stakeholder meetings to discuss sustainable finance strategies for marine protected areas in TCI in 2015. 

Possible strategies were formulated in consultation with stakeholders by using the Wolfs Company's Eco2Fin framework, an approach to assess current and potential financing streams based on context-specific conditions. This assessment revealed the diversity of fees and taxes charged to tourists, as well as the lack of earmarked government revenue for protected area management. It also concluded that tourism-related revenue offered untapped opportunities to finance marine protected areas, given that these contain key tourism assets such as coral reefs.

A subsequent analysis of TCI's legal framework provided recommendations on feasible mechanisms to increase budgetary allocations and earmark conservation funds for marine protected areas managers such as DECR. Strategic steps formulated to achieve the succesful implementation of these mechanisms included the development of a business case for increased funding of protected areas and key ecosystems such as coral reefs.

DECR is one of the main protected area managers in TCI. As a government department, DECR depends on funding allocated through a regular budget cycle. Although the government collects a number of fees and taxes that are linked to nature-dependent sectors such as tourism, none of these payments is earmarked to protected area management. Instead, these funds flow to the consolidated fund, from which they are redistributed across public entities.

Building a strong case for protected area management was fundamental for DECR to promote: 1. increasing funding through the regular budget cycle, and 2. earmarking of a portion of nature-related revenues.

To support DECR in this task, GCFI funded technical assistance for the estimation of budget needs and gaps for basic and optimal protected area management. In addition, an assessment of the tourism value of nature was conducted based on existing studies. By comparing these figures, DECR could show authorities that increasing funding was financially reasonable, given that its operating budget in the year under analysis (2015/2016) was 25 times smaller than the added value of nature for tourism and 30 times smaller than the nature-related tourism revenue for the government.

Creating dynamic plastic waste value chains through collaboration between local community groups (youth, women) and the hotel industry. Where community groups collect and sort the waste. The value of partnership is very critical in ensuring streamlining circularity as well as ensuring synergies are pulled concertedly.

Partnerships have been very key in getting stakeholder buy-in as well as ownership on the project. The proposition in the partnerships aimed to decentralize the ownership of the eco-points, spur collections rates and develop a seamless sustainable plastic waste value chain. 

During the last 12 months, 3R established various partnerships with different stakeholders. One of the partnerships was with an NGO, ParCo, whereby they established two eco-points, to receive and buy plastic waste from the local community waste pickers. 

The Maritime Spatial Plan of the Azores was designed in a transparent and inclusive process, with the active involvement of a wide range of stakeholders. A strategy for stakeholder engagement and guidelines for public participation were drafted for this purpose. The engagement was designed in a series of three stakeholder workshops held simultaneously in the three most populated islands of the archipelago (São Miguel, Terceira and Faial). The workshops had the same structure, which combined communication about the MSP progress as well as activities to discuss, complement and validate the project outcomes. Prior to the workshops, stakeholders were mapped using the snowball technique. All identified stakeholders were assembled in the regional stakeholder directory and invited to participate in the events over the two years of the project. Complementary activities such as interviews were undertaken to fill important knowledge gaps related to specific maritime sectors.

Without an understanding of the biological processes under threat, it would have been impossible to design solutions. For instance, knowledge of the need for dune structures and the importance of native flora as stabilising agents, or salinity impacts on eggs, seasonality of nesting, etc. were crucial in designing the stepwise approach.