Existing biodiversity consideration and an in-company champion.

Heidelberg already had a biodiversity policy and were organising a reward initiative related to biodiversity. This meant that there was already a good foundation to build on, and someone to advocate strongly for it within the company.

For a company to be aware of sustainability and biodiversity factors , it can depend on the presence of a conscientious employee or manager, the response to legal, financial or social pressures, or willingness over the years to discuss with civil society.

It was necessary for the NGOs to study the company and assess how far the company was in terms of environmental awareness, and knowing where and how to make the most impact. 

Creating awareness and demand through awareness programs

Series of awareness programs were organized where participants from the village, representatives of the village council, and officials from the Block Office of Reiek Block participated. These programs focused on highlighting the value of home gardening for food security and nutritional enhancement which can be achieved by incorporating simple natural farming techniques. The techniques can be easily implemented and practiced by all villagers. It was during such programs that queries were explained through a close interaction between the community and members of Bethany Society, the implementing partner for the project.

 

  1. Acknowledging the importance and the desire of farmers to engage actively in the problem and gain expertise, and apply it in their own home gardens.
  2. Recognizing the opportunities, the villagers were encouraged to take part in piloting home gardens in their own plots.

The opportunity to actively engage in the program generated discussions and drew community interest.

 

Mainstream field work by policies

Knowledge is the basis of protection. Prepare visual material to send to smartphones. Use radio, social and mass media. Check national curricula for primary and secondary schools, if they include lessons on pollinators and pollination. If not, discuss with the curricula unit of Ministry for Education. Start a dialogue with Ministry for Agriculture to recommend FAP as farming practice, to develop a more ambitious national regulation for agricultural chemicals or a ban of imported managed bumblebees (which can transfer diseases and pests to indigenous species). Clarify with Ministry of Interior, if they can better protect hedgerows and old wood in agricultural areas. Discuss with national universities and Ministry for the Environment, if they can monitor pollinator diversity and include the results in their national reports to CBD, or what kind of capacity building they might need in advance. Clarify with Ministries for Tourism and Urban Planning, if they can conduct a yearly competition for the best performing rural and urban area concerning pollinator protection and promote the winners for ecotourism. Conduct a national pollinator round table with various ministries. Join Promote Pollinators (https://promotepollinators.org/). Read more in: Christmann 2019b

Some ex-ante surveys e.g. on knowledge concerning pollinators and pollination among different stakeholder groups are quite helpful. Also, the value of pollination for crop pollination is not only assessed globally, but also for various countries. These figures are quite convincing that the service of pollinators should be sustained. If you convince the national government to join Promote Pollinators (https://promotepollinators.org/) they join a group of likeminded countries and get part of exchange of respective experience.

Knowledge is the basis for protection.

Demonstrating measures for Jhum optimization

The demonstration of the Jhum optimization measures in the farmers field on pilot basis involving the community would show results which will convince the farmers how small modification on the present system of jhum management would make a difference in terms of conserving soil, increasing fertility level and improve soil moisture while increasing crop yield and improving eco system services.The outcome of the positive results would built their confidence and encourage the land users to adopt in larger area and finally incorporate them in their system in managing their jhum field.

Building trust of the land users and the commnunity and also the lessons learned during the exposure visit to Nagaland was an added advantage as they could see by themseves the difference of practicing improved jhum.

The communities were already practicing the jhum system of farming and adopting few modification in management was not at all a problem to them.

 

 

Regular interaction and focused discussions with the community and  land users are a key component for any community based programme. Building trust with the village council and community leaders becomes important given the fact that the land  and forest are governed by them and their decision becomes important in smooth function of the activities in the village.

The time for implementation of this building block is very important as this should start from the selection of jhum plot. In this case there was already crop in the jhum field and they could not be disturbed. Hence for demonstration a 100 sq meter plot was selected near the jhum field  where the measures were undertaken.

Enhancing Knowledge through Exposure visit

A weeklong exposure visit to Nagaland starting from 15-20 th of July 2019 was arranged for the farmers and community leaders of the village. During the exposure visit they were taken to the jhum fields and jhum optimization measures adopted by the Naga farmers was shown. Farmers to farmers’ interactions were also arranged, whereby the farmers got the opportunity to clarify their doubts. They were also taken to the State Agriculture Research Station (SARS) where research on jhum optimization measures are being carried out and interaction with the scientist gave them newer insights.

The  exposure visit to Nagaland  created an impact in understanding the methodology and benefits of improved practice in their jhum.

 

  • Nagaland has been adopting jhum optimization measures by which excellent result in increasing cropping intensity in the jhum field have been observed.
  • A well planned tour itinerary was prepared and logistics for the travel were arranged well in adavance and the time of visit concided with active jhum season.
  • The government authority in Nagaland was contacted before the journey explaining the purpose and details of the visit.
  • The selection of the farmers for the visit were done keeping in mind involvement of community leaders, women and youth.

 

The exposure visit created enthusiasm among the farmers and their confidence increased. The time of visit was perfect as all operations for jhum optimization could be observed in the field. Such visit provided an oppurtunity to exchange crop germplasm among the farmers and created a way for improving biodiversity conservation.

The most important lesson learned was that the exposure visit beside increasing knowledge act as a medium for building confidence and ties among the hill tribe practicing similar landuse and cropping pattern in the region.

 

Creating awareness through training and workshop

Inorder to create awareness on the measures of jhum optimization already being practiced by the farmers of Nagaland,  a 2- days workshop was organised at project village for the community leaders , farmers  and field functionaries of forest department. Although jhum was being practiced for generations by the villagers, they were not aware of the measures for jhum intensification and its optimization. Benefits of these measures in increasing their farm income  and  improving biodiversity and ecosystem services were explained through a participatory process and a power point presentation. Involving community leaders and community elders  along with women and youth leaders in the training programme was an added advantage as this leveraged the urgency of the programme and its implementation . 

  •  Orientation of the jhum optimization measures to the state nodal agency i.e. the state biodiversity board and the village council members was key to win the confidence and trust of the  stakeholders.
  • Realization of the farmers and stake holders on the urgency of problem faced and willingness to actively participate and acquire knowledge and implement them in their own jhum.
  • Selection of the beneficiary who is having plot in the current jhum field was an added advantage
  • Incentivising any programme in the village in form of inputs / exposure visit could generate interest among the community to actively participate.
  • Participatory programme  planning in the village along with the participants generated more interest and discussions
To formulate and implement, based on science, the Master Plan of Changbai Mountain Nature Reserv

Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve has successively implemented the first two phases of its Master Plan and formulated the 3rd phase Master Plan of Jilin Changbai Mountain National Nature Reserve (2018-2027).  Through active implementation of these science-based plans, Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve has greatly improved in various aspects from infrastructures, biodiversity conservation, forest fire prevention and fighting, research and monitoring to public education and ecotourism.

Changbai Mountain Protection Development Management Committee was established in 2005, sharing the same staff with Jilin Changbai Mountain National Nature Reserve Management Bureau.  The unified administrative zone and nature reserve enables uniform planning, protection, development and management in Changbai Mountain.  The full amount of funds for the Reserve are provided and guaranteed by the Management Committee.

1. The Master Plan defines the construction and development of the Reserve in a specified period of time.  It should be both forward-looking and down-to-earth so that construction projects can be pushed forward as scheduled.  

2. The partnership with research and academic institutions should be strengthened so that more experts can share their insights and experiences in economic growth, social development and ecological protection.

Scientific research and monitoring

Through the fishnet method to set up camera traps, sample plots more than 20% of the nature reserve, collecting moose forage plant samples, feces samples, hair samples, etc. for lab analysis, to investigate the moose population density, genetic and dispersal mechanism, nutritional adaptation strategy, gut microbiological characteristics, movement characteristics in Hanma and adjacent areas, and to formulate protection countermeasures based on these results.

Professional technical team

Sufficient funds

Effective management

The most important thing to monitor moose is to have a professional technical team. Professor Jiang Guangshun from College Of Wildlife And Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University has been conducting investigation and monitoring of wildlife for many years. With professional technical knowledge, personnel, equipment and rich experience, it can ensure the smooth implementation of the project, and the results are quite reliable.

Local Commitment and Participation

Van Long NR was created at the request of the local communities themselves, and they have maintained a strong commitment in their participation of protecting and maintaining ecological and cultural values of Van Long.

This is considered as a unique community-based management model in Vietnam. Given that the Van Long is different to other protected areas in the remoter reaches of Vietnam’s rural hinterland, Van Long is in the heartland of the kinh majority Vietnamese, in a highly human dominated landscape, on the very outskirts of  the Hanoi capital. 

The management board of Van Long maintains strong relationships with stakeholder groups, and continually discuss and exchange in regular meetings to assess the good governance of the wetland.

Effectiveness in Conserving Biodiversity

Although Van Long NR is small compared to other Protected Areas in Vietnam, the core area of biodiversity conservation in Van Long is proving very effective in conserving biodiversity.

Van Long NR maintains to be the biggest inland wetland in the Northern Plain. The Nature Reserve is also the place with the biggest community of of Delacour langur, at present about 150-160 individuals, a very big increase (238%) compared to the number recorded at the time of its establishment, which was 60-67individuals. Delacour langur population is reproducing well. Beside that, water birds are increasing in numbers made Van Long became a interesting bird watching site. In addition, as a result of good management and protection of the limestone ecosystem and karst landscape, the limestone forests has rapidly recovered, contributing to the increased forest cover up to 30%. The Nature Reserve also performs good protection of the biggest inland wetland in the Northen Plain, which contributes to the preservation of valuable genetic sourcesfor aquatic species.

Since its establishment in 2001, Van Long NR has developed and implemented management plans in five-year period such as Operational Management Plan (OMP), Sustainable Conservation and Development Planning, and Annual Operational Plan. The planning process has consulted relevant stakeholders particularlly the local community, used the information about socio-economic conditions and real situation in most conformity.

The design of Van Long NR and development of management plans are suitable with conservation needs for Van Long natural values. The conservation priorities were identified such as limestone ecosystem, wetland ecosystem, Delacour langur population and migrated water birds. The ecosystems and population of Delacour langur are protected through the programs of the government as well as national and international organizations. Conservation and protection activities have generated job opportunities for local communities, improved local livelihood through eco-tourism and local participation in forest management and protection. However, till now, the expansion of the Nature Reserve is needed to preserve the integrity of biodiversity values and ecosystem services. The efforts regarding expansion of the Nature Reserve include the establishment of Kim Bang Nature Reserve (Nam Ha) and  support to patrol for protection of Delacour langur in Dong Tam (Hoa Binh).