Trained scent detection HeroRATs

Internal training and accreditation are instrumental to the deployment of HeroRATs, which are conducted at APOPO's training headquarters on the campus of the Sokoine University of Agriculture in Morogoro, Tanzania. Here, African giant pouched rats are bred and trained for scent detection purposes. They are each trained for a specific programme following strict protocols, where they learn to detect and indicate their target scent and complete search strategies required for deployment. Once training is complete and the rats have been internally accredited, they can then be deployed across the world for operations. APOPO works with implementation and supports partners to achieve the best possible outcomes. Additional accreditation from independent sources can occur at this stage, before rats begin operations. 

Strict training protocols and Standard Operating Procedures. Regular monitoring and evaluation. APOPO's training site, located at the Sokoine University of Agriculture, receives continued support from the university and government to operate. 

Adequate financial support for employment of staff and upkeep of rats (housing, food, veterinary care). 

As rats are bred by APOPO but require time to be trained, an adequate pre-deployment time must be taken into consideration for either training next generations or starting projects at new locations. 

For 25 years, APOPO has been training scent detection rats. Central to our success is the continued monitoring, evaluation, and refinement of our training methods. Using exclusively positive reinforcement training, scent detection rats advance through pre-defined stages of training. Each program has an associated Standard Operating Procedure. In addition, continued research explores how our training and deployment can be improved even further. For new potential programs, such as wildlife detection, a team of highly qualified researchers and trainers design training methods which are then evaluated and adapted. A wide range of peer-reviewed scientific publications are available detailing APOPO's work. 

Possibilities to pay for land management to the owner from state budget

In order to be able to pay fees for agreed management with landowners, the legislation had to be approved allowing such expenditures from the state budget.

Concluding agreements on land management for nature conservation, and agreements on management in protected areas, and paying a financial contribution for its implementation has been enshrined in the Nature Conservation and Landscape Protection Act since the beginning in 1992. However, the absence of general legislation on the concept of public contracts had long been an obstacle to its application in practice. This legislation was finally approved as the Administrative Procedure Code in 2006.

It has been crucial that such a paragraph in the state legislation exists allowing to use state budget to pay for services associated with the management of naturally valuable areas even on a private land.

A concerted management process

The landscape treatment project was the subject of consultation between all the site's stakeholders: the DREAL inspector of the classified site (classified as a landscape under the 1930 law), the RNR-FE curator, the Natura 2000 site coordinator, the commune owning the forest concerned, and the Enedis representatives in charge of maintaining the line and its right-of-way.

The study was submitted to the RNR-FE management committee for approval, and then to the departmental commission for nature, landscapes and sites.

  • Consultation upstream of the various validation processes is essential to the success of the project. It must be based on clear visual elements, such as an intention diagram or drawings.
  • In a nature reserve, ecological issues must be taken into account before any action can be taken on the landscape. Demonstrating the added value of the action on the ecology of the site is a major asset for the success of the project.

For the players regularly involved in the Reserve's actions, there were no difficulties. On the Enedis side, we had difficulty finding contacts. We got round this by asking for the support of a naturalist association that works more regularly with the operator than we do. Networks of players are always essential for mobilizing people.

3. Action planning based on the outcome of the SAGE assessment

Development of an action plan after the SAGE process was very crucial as it ensured that recommendations provided in the SAGE process were addressed in a systematic and targeted manner whereby key stakeholders who participated in the SAGE process were also engaged in the action planning process hence, they drew the roadmap for implementation of those recommendations.

 

In addition, recommendations which came out of the SAGE process informed Honeyguide on areas of priority in designing WMA governance capacity building programs.

 

The overall successful preparation of an action plan after the SAGE process required the following;

  • A clear understanding of the assessment findings and recommendations provided
  • Clear goals and objectives to be achieved
  • Strong leadership and coordination with key stakeholders
  • Adequate resources
  • Willingness and commitment from all key stakeholders.

Overall success of the action planning phase based on the outcome of SAGE process provided an opportunity to learn important lessons related to;

  • Keen selection and active engagement of key stakeholders in the planning process
  • Thorough understanding of the local context
  • Effective prioritization and goal setting by all key stakeholders
  • Inclusiveness of all key stakeholders in adequate resource mobilization

These lessons learned can be used as a good source of information to future development planning and programming organs of the WMA and can help to ensure that development interventions are effective, inclusive, and sustainable over the long term.

Setting up income-generating activities proper

- Training and supply of inputs:

Training is provided by professional consultants in the field (SEMAGRI), and consists of building members' capacities in agropastoral techniques according to the chosen activity. AVEC then used their own funds to purchase the inputs they needed to develop their activities.

-The development of school/experimental fields: these are test areas where the training received is put into practice. Depending on the activity, there were school fields for agriculture and school farms for livestock. These areas are managed by the community and the profits are paid back to the group. These fields also enable members to identify the activities they would like to pursue.

Involvement of all beneficiaries (members of the IGA group) in the fieldwork phase.

Contribute to the development of alternatives linked to fishing and hunting activities in the Douala-Edéa landscape.

Stimulate the green entrepreneurial spirit in each learner.

Data for Decision Making

The process involved in Data for decision-making included gathering information by conducting participatory community Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and from key stakeholders, development of digital questionnaires, enumerators training on data collection, community data collection exercise and analysing the collected data to draw meaningful insights.

 

The data-gathering process involved participatory FGDs and engaging stakeholders, collecting information on the positive and negative impacts of Tsavo Trust (TT). This supported the development of a structured survey. The first Stakeholder meeting presented FGD findings, with participants providing additional insights. A digital questionnaire was created based on this input. Ten trained enumerators collected data from 156 households (approx. 950 individuals), achieving gender balance.

 

Community meetings shared survey results and ideas for addressing negative impacts. A second Stakeholder workshop gathered additional ideas. These components generated meaningful insights for decision-making.

 

These key components, including participatory discussions, stakeholder engagement, the development of a digital questionnaire, and data collection from households, were instrumental in generating meaningful insights for decision-making.

Using community youths to collect the data ensured that we got a good reception from respondents who answered the questions truthfully without fear of victimisation.

The sharing of results with communities and allowing them to give ideas on mitigation of the prioritised negative impacts made the phase start getting direction on negative impacts mitigation.

Stakeholders identified in the 2nd Stakeholders meeting contributed towards by giving more ideas for action on the negative impacts.

The community members shared local and traditional methods of mitigating the prioritised negative impacts which we found easy to implement with a small budget, this made us understand that sometimes the solution to otherwise big problems is with the people themselves and the need to be involving them in decision making.

TT learnt that bringing a wider network of stakeholders had varying benefits. Ensuring there was representation from County Government, like-minded NGO’s, Kenya Wildlife Services and Community helped TT and the stakeholders identify solutions/ideas for action for every negative impact identified. This helped reduce the pressures on TT to deliver and address all the negative impacts identified during the evaluation.

Sharing the information with the stakeholders also acted as a platform for Tsavo Trust to share what it does with The County Government, KWS and relevant stakeholders

Preparing for Assessment

The objectives of the Preparing for Assessment block were: 

  • Conduct a feasibility check, to determine whether SAPA was an appropriate methodology for assessing the social impacts of Kamungi.
  • Plan for the assessment, to ensure that the assessment was implemented as a high-quality multi-stakeholder process
  • Conduct community mapping, to help ensure that SAPA included all relevant communities within Kamungi.
  • Review existing information, To ensure the assessment builds upon existing data relevant to the design and implementation of the assessment.
  • Conduct stakeholder analysis,  To identify critical actors that should be engaged in SAPA

The SAPA team provided an overview of the SAPA to TT and Kamungi Conservancy management, this was followed by a community visit for mapping and awareness of the SAPA process, Two facilitators from Kamungi were identified, a male and a female, and trained for 2 days on gathering data from community members on positive and negative effects TT has had in the area. TT management provided the necessary data to facilitate the assessment and identified and ranked its stakeholders, clarifying their interests and Influence, the preparation phase helped set the base for the assessment ensuring all checkboxes were catered for and paving the way for the next building block

TT management provided relevant information on their community interventions and facilitated in community mapping, they also provided a vehicle to support on logistics during the period.

TT contracted experienced consultants who conducted the SAPA process professionally within the set timelines 

The good relationship between TT, Communities and Key Stakeholders made the participatory data collection process a success

Timely availing of project funds from BIOPAMA for the acities 

1. Through the SAPA process the TT identified the need to conduct more frequent meetings and community engagement in Kamungi Conservancy and surrounding villages that do not form part of the Kamungi Conservancy – especially on the projects TT is implementing.

2. We learned that it is important to update Communities and stakeholders on project interventions. This ensures that there is an element of project ownership and that its impacts are felt and measurable.

 

Involvement of local communities

The first stage focused on mobilizing local communities for the participatory identification of the major values of the TNP on the one hand, and the associated pressures/threats on the other. The mobilization of this stakeholder group was also crucial to the participatory formulation of solutions. Our approach consisted in identifying the resource persons to be involved in gathering information on the values of the protected area, focusing on their perfect knowledge of local culture and customs. These are mainly customary authorities, notably canton chiefs, land chiefs and village chiefs, on the one hand, and opinion leaders and heads of women's and youth associations, on the other.

Local communities are the stakeholders most involved in implementing the solution. Indeed, 232 local residents from the 5 management sectors, including 67 women, took part in the community workshops. In addition, 10 representatives (2 per management sector) of these communities, including 4 women, were mobilized for the technical document validation workshops.

One of the success factors was the involvement of traditional chiefs and opinion leaders in the planning of community meetings to identify the major values of the protected area. Secondly, the involvement of all sections of the community in the discussions: women, young people and those in the know. Finally, the attachment of communities to the services provided by the TNP.

Implementation of the grant has shown that local communities remain strongly linked to Taï National Park through their local culture and socio-economic needs.

Raising stakeholder awareness

Discussions with stakeholders to put the project into context and identify the role of each player in order to ensure more effective implementation. A field mission was carried out to meet with local authorities (sub-prefects and mayors), the local administration of the Ministry of Forests and Fauna (MINFOF), local elected representatives, traditional chiefs, local elites and guides.

  • Good historical experience of working on the site
  • Practical involvement of local resource people
  • The receptiveness of administrative and traditional authorities and local elected representatives.
  • Strict enforcement of anti-Covid 19 measures decreed by the administrative authority.
  • Involving local authorities helps to mitigate certain conflicts
  • It's essential to reach a wide variety of stakeholders, especially women who are more familiar with the services offered by the forest.
  • Be aware that, despite everything, there will always be people who feel they have not been involved; in practice, it is impossible to reach everyone.
Species identification training

Expert fishermen are encouraged to train professional divers in the identification of the sea cucumber. Fishermen are encouraged to share their old techniques for recognizing the animal (feces tracking, circular search, etc.).

  • Establish a clear and reliable diving organization.

  • Define a simple, effective protocol.

  • Equip yourself with operational equipment (scuba, tag, underwater camera, etc.).

  • Record as much animal data as possible (measurements, depth, position, behavior, etc.).

  • Always add comments on environmental characteristics (sediment, algae, etc.).

  • Note the weather and abiotic factors (current, swell, etc.) for each dive.

  • Always create a climate of respect and equality between all players.
  • Value teamwork.
  • Provide the necessary training materials and supports.
  • Open discussions to the sharing of field experience.