Catalyzing Additional Resources via Social Engagement and Champions: the Tamaraw Society

To support the crowdfunding campaign, the Philippine Parks and Biodiversity launched the Tamaraw Society initiative in July 2020. 

The Philippine Parks and Biodiversity is a non-profit, non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to conserving the country's biodiversity through multistakeholder partnerships, ranging from grassroot communities to the private sector. 

The Tamaraw Society consisted of a group of organizations and individuals, mostly from younger generations, who committed to running their own fundraising activities to support the crowdfunding campaign with at least USD 400 each (PHP 20,000 at the time). The 19 participants, referred to as champions, collectively raised USD 7,789 (PHP 389,450). They conducted activities such as online raffles of film cameras, online selling of secondhand clothes, auction of digital artworks, and merchandise sales such as tamaraw tote bags and shirts.

A key enabling factor was the pre-existing expertise of the Philippine Parks and Biodiversity in running champion-based initiatives. The NGO had previously called for private sector and individual champions to support its programs as a creative financing method, which helped the implementation and success of the Tamaraw Society initiative. 

A key lesson learned is that creative financing solutions can complement broader strategies, such as crowdfunding, by actively engaging civil society around a shared cause.

Use of traditional and social media as marketing instruments to accelerate awareness rais-ing and resource mobilization

The crowdfunding campaign maintained a strong presence on traditional and social media. Daily posts were tailored to strengthen the business case for donations, highlighting key events such as the Tamaraw Month,  the death of the last captive-bred tamaraw, Kalibasib, and a tamaraw killed by poachers. By leveraging a mix of media platforms, the campaign reached both national and international audiences and engaged diverse age groups. 

Social media posts were reposted and shared by BIOFIN Global and Philippines, UNDP Philippines, and various accounts of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). Moreover, a national Tamaraw Ambassadors program was launched on social media, engaging public figures to promote the campaign. These communication strategies effectively reached the general public within and beyond the Philippines.

Traditional media also supported the campaign, with coverage from reputable news networks like Stand for Truth and GMA Digital Specials. 

Lastly, a promotion email was sent to over 2,000 individuals through the BIOFIN global mailing list, targeting a specialized audience of professionals and partners in the biodiversity sector.

A key enabling factor was the established presence and reputation of UNDP in the Philippines, along with its partnership with relevant actors such as the DENR. This contributed to the rapid promotion of the campaign across social media, quick engagement of public figures, and the public's trust in the initiative. The donation of USD 4,400 from Congresswomen Josephine Ramirez Sato to kick start the campaign, being the highest contribution, was important for the momentum of the campaign. 

A key lesson learned is that an effective marketing campaign should leverage multiple media platforms and tailor its messages to engage diverse audiences. While the Tamaraw Ambassadors program likely helped reach younger audiences and social media users, the campaign advertisements in printed media may have been more effective with older audiences. 

The main challenge in the marketing strategy was the inability to produce new on-site photos and videos, given travel restrictions and budget constraints for hiring specialized personnel. This was addressed by creatively using existing materials, such as video clips from the 2019 documentary film Suwag o Suko and photos from the 2018 Biodiversity Camp—an initiative from UNDP-BIOFIN and the TCP that gathered journalists and influencers in the natural habitat of tamaraws to raise awareness about the need to mobilize funds for their protection. 

Kali, the only captive bred tamaraw. (Photo credits: Gab Mejia)
Use of traditional and social media as marketing instruments to accelerate awareness rais-ing and resource mobilization
Catalyzing Additional Resources via Social Engagement and Champions: the Tamaraw Society
Using funds for long-term improvement in patrolling conditions
Kali, the only captive bred tamaraw. (Photo credits: Gab Mejia)
Use of traditional and social media as marketing instruments to accelerate awareness rais-ing and resource mobilization
Catalyzing Additional Resources via Social Engagement and Champions: the Tamaraw Society
Using funds for long-term improvement in patrolling conditions
Foster local ownership and stewardship

The protected area management authority adheres to a people-centered development philosophy, aiming to meet the growing needs of the public for a better life. By actively engaging with community members, fostering emotional connections, and contributing to local socioeconomic development, the authority has worked to address gaps in public services and infrastructure, as well as organize community activities. It assists communities in solving practical problems, such as providing daytime care services for the elderly and medical services for residents. As a result, the sense of identity and belonging among community members toward the protected area has steadily increased, leading to their active participation in conservation, decision-making, operations, education, and oversight activities. These efforts have driven continuous progress in community development initiatives.

  • A determined and effective governance authority.
  • A Coordination Committee to foster whole-of-society engagement in supporting and participating in the scenic area's development.
  • Harmonious community relations contribute to effective governance approaches for protected area conservation.
Continuously improve community participation mechanism

The management authority has devised various methods to involve community residents in the construction and management of the protected area, primarily through the following approaches: (1) Participation in daily patrols and law enforcement. Nearly 100 local residents have been employed as full-time rangers to assist in protection patrols; (2) The Wudalianchi Town Government regularly holds meetings with town representatives and organizes seminars to discuss issues such as area management, public security maintenance, and public awareness campaigns; (3) Establishing and implementing a socialized management mechanism for river, lake, forest, and farmland chiefs, fully mobilizing public participation in daily conservation; (4) Encouraging volunteer services.

  • Innovative community participation mechanisms.
  • A determined and effective governance authority.
  • Willing communities.
Revitalize local industries to improve the livelihood of local communities

By developing high-quality mineral water products, expanding health and wellness tourism, and enhancing eco-tourism experiences, Wudalianchi has pioneered effective pathways to transform "green mountains into gold mountains".

With support from national poverty alleviation policies and funding, the reserve management authority has collaborated with local governments, village committees, the protected area joint committee, and rural conservation organizations. Through resource consolidation, mining rights processing, brand acquisitions, and enterprise integration, they have successfully revitalized local industries.

According to preliminary statistics, in 2022: (1) The mineral water industry generated approximately 50 million yuan in revenue; (2) Health and wellness tourism brought in 15.6 million yuan; (3) Homestay businesses earned 20 million yuan.

In 2023, socioeconomic progress accelerated significantly: (1) Regional GDP grew by 6%; (2) Total retail sales rose by 6%; (3) Tourist visits and comprehensive tourism revenue both surged by 57.7%.

  • Effective resource integration approaches.
  • A determined and effective governance authority.
  • A thorough and considerate system of infrastructure in the protected area.
Step 3 – Tactical Growth

Step 3 – Tactical Growth

The ROS – Recreation Opportunity Spectrum is a tool that classifies opportunities for tourism and recreation by measuring the degree of intervention across three attributes: Biophysical, Sociocultural, and Management. Based on these indicators, it defines five Classes of Experiences: Pristine, Natural, Semi-natural, Ruralized, and Urbanized.

By combining the vocation of the area with these classes, managers can design a gradient of opportunities, ranging from sites with maximum naturalness, minimal human presence, and very low visitation (Pristine class), to areas with extensive infrastructure, altered landscapes, high accessibility, and strong human interaction (Urbanized class).

Using ROS allows planners to shape the Ecotourism Program by defining:

  1. Zoning
  2. Classes of Experiences
  3. Environments
  4. Activities
  5. Infrastructure
  6. Services
  7. Regulations

This tactical step translates the strategic vision into concrete management choices, ensuring that ecotourism development is diversified, coherent, and aligned with conservation priorities and visitor expectations.

Success of Step 3 depends on having reliable baseline data and a clear strategic vision to guide tactical decisions. Stakeholder participation is crucial to define appropriate classes of experiences and ensure acceptance of zoning and regulations. Technical knowledge of the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS), combined with field assessments, helps adapt global standards to local contexts. Institutional support and long-term monitoring are also key to sustain implementation.

The key condition for Step 3 is understanding that the most important factor is the experience you want to provide. Zoning, infrastructure, activities, and services are all defined in relation to this. Success depends on engaging stakeholders to agree on desired experiences, applying the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) with reliable data, and ensuring institutional support and monitoring so that experiences remain authentic, feasible, and sustainable.

Step 2 - Triple Profile – Strategic Definition

Step 2 – Triple Profile - Strategic Definition
With the Tourism Attractiveness Index defined, it becomes possible to set the fundamental principles and establish the foundations that will guide the entire development of the project. The main goal at this stage is to understand the vocation of the area and strengthen its positioning in the tourism market. This includes learning how to design authentic and memorable experiences for visitors, with a focus on enchantment, recreation, and environmental interpretation.

The process involves defining which Recreational Opportunities are most suitable and what types of Experiences should be prioritized to align with both conservation goals and visitor expectations. The principles of Environmental Interpretation are essential here, as they ensure that experiences are meaningful, educational, and engaging.

In practical terms, this step requires:

  1. Area Profile - Analyzing the challenges and opportunities of the area;
  2. Owner Profile - Creating a shared vision of the desired future;
  3. Visitor Profile - Defining the main visitor segments and profiles to be targeted.

By aligning vocation, opportunities, and interpretation, this step builds the strategic foundation for sustainable ecotourism.

Success of Step 2 depends on having a clear Tourism Attractiveness Index as a baseline, along with stakeholder engagement to define the area’s vocation and market positioning. Strong facilitation is needed to build a shared vision and align conservation and tourism goals. Knowledge of visitor profiles, community values, and interpretation principles ensures that opportunities and experiences are both authentic and feasible, creating ownership and long-term sustainability.

Key lessons learned from Step 2 show that defining the strategic direction of an ecotourism project requires balancing ambition with realism. A clear vision helps motivate stakeholders, but if goals are too broad or disconnected from local capacity, the strategy risks being unattainable. Active participation of managers, communities, and tourism actors is essential to identify the true vocation of the area and ensure ownership of the vision. Another challenge is overemphasizing infrastructure without first clarifying which experiences should be prioritized. It is also important to remember that this step operates at a strategic level—planning should not be frozen by too much detail, which belongs to later phases. Our advice is to invest in participatory workshops, apply interpretation principles, and create a phased vision to keep strategies practical and adaptable.

Step 1 – General Assessment

Step 1 – General Assessment
The success of an Ecotourism Project depends on the characteristics of the area and the context in which it is located. The Tourism Attractiveness Index (IAT) is the tool you will use to characterize your area and its context, that is, the Tourist Destination. This characterization will allow you to conduct a supply and demand analysis and understand your current and potential tourism attractiveness, which can vary along a scale.

By understanding your attractiveness and the factors that influence it, you will be able to define strategies to increase or better qualify it, and thus:

– Define or diversify your visitor profile
– Receive or increase the number of visits
– Add value and improve average visitor spending
– Improve seasonality

Success of Step 1 – General Assessment depends on having updated baseline information about the area and visitation, and applying a clear methodological framework such as the Tourism Attractiveness Index (IAT). Engaging managers, communities and stakeholders ensures the analysis reflects both conservation and market realities. Technical capacity to assess supply and demand, integration with broader planning strategies, and establishing monitoring mechanisms are also key conditions.

Key lessons learned highlight the importance of starting with clear, reliable data. Using the Tourism Attractiveness Index (IAT) provides structure, but its effectiveness depends on accurate baseline information and stakeholder input. We also learned that focusing only on environmental aspects is insufficient; integrating social and economic factors is essential to build a complete picture of tourism potential. For replication, our advice is: simplify technical terms to make the process accessible to non-specialists, and ensure regular feedback from communities and decision-makers. By doing so, the assessment becomes not only a diagnostic tool but also a process that builds ownership and guides realistic, shared strategies for ecotourism development.