The objective of this building block is to provide developers and implementers of ecosystem and landscape restoration projects with a tool that uses remote sensing, augmentation factors, and the integration of the two as a way to evaluate the effectiveness of restoration interventions on the ground.

To evaluate the line of impact of ecosystem services based on remote sensing, baseline data (baseline, management units and recent images) are collected and the differential between the initial and final year is calculated through: the definition of the increment tables, the normalization and adjustment of images, and the modeling of ecosystem services.

The increment factor approach is used for cropland and/or livestock where spectral indices derived from satellite imagery fail to accurately detect vegetation changes; and is calculated through: definition of baseline data, categorization of restoration practices and estimation of increment factors per implemented measure.

By executing this process, the area directly and indirectly impacted is available.

A dialogue or workshop with governmental stakeholders to present case studies or solutions that could be incorporated into national policies.

The works were carried out progressively: 3 phases spread over 3 years to achieve the desired structure and respect the ecological dynamics of the site, given that the stations are different according to altitude.

Based on the results of the various protocols implemented in the Chriopt'îles project, management recommendations were formulated by the GCOI and presented to the TAAF, managers of the Eparses Islands.

Based on acoustic analyses and the hostile environment on Tromelin, the island does not appear to be home to any chiropteran species. No recommendations for management or further study are envisaged.

Despite the absence of chiropteran sounds in Europa's acoustic analyses, its history and local context suggest that chiropterans could still be present. It is planned to re-deploy the passive listening protocol over periods based on the dates of historical observations. Management recommendations will be made following this research.

2 species of chiropteran have been recorded on Grande Glorieuse, including the Taphien de Maurice and an undetermined species. The renewal of the passive acoustic protocol is envisaged in order to improve knowledge of the occupation of the territory by these species. Monthly visual monitoring of the coconut grove at the life base is also envisaged. The management of invasive exotic species on Filaos or Coconut trees must take into account the presence of these two species.

On each island concerned by the project, 2 SongMeter mini bat ultrasonic recorders were deployed during 2 listening sessions by 7 agents from the Terres australes et antarctiques françaises, previously trained by the GCOI in their use. The two listening sessions took place in winter (December-January) and austral summer (July-August), based on knowledge of the Taphien of Mauritius. Positioned for 5 nights, in 4 pre-selected habitat types, 20 listening nights per recorder and per session were recorded. In all, 240 listening nights were recorded on all the islands.

Sampling plans were based on data on the different types of environment present on the three islands, supplied by the Conservatoire Botanique National de Mascarin.

Once the recordings had been retrieved, the data were processed using a fixed-point protocol derived from the VigieChiro system managed by the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris, enabling the chiropteran species recorded in the sound files to be determined. Once the sounds had been processed automatically, a manual acoustic analysis was carried out by GCOI employees to identify any species not detected by the software.

Development of an action plan after the SAGE process was very crucial as it ensured that recommendations provided in the SAGE process were addressed in a systematic and targeted manner whereby key stakeholders who participated in the SAGE process were also engaged in the action planning process hence, they drew the roadmap for implementation of those recommendations.

In addition, recommendations which came out of the SAGE process informed Honeyguide on areas of priority in designing WMA governance capacity building programs.

This corresponds to the individualization phase of the IGAs. Each member, having identified the activity that corresponds to him or her, breaks away from the group and sets up on his or her own. Close monitoring and evaluation of the IGAs developed by these communities is carried out with the aim of refining members' knowledge of their respective activities and minimizing production losses.

Collaboration with the local population has been a major factor in the success of anti-poaching operations, and must be maintained in order to strengthen confidence and build up the sources of intelligence essential for well-targeted actions in the Protected Areas (PA).

The objective of restoring public confidence in the security and defense forces (FDS) and creating a climate of serenity was 100% achieved under the project. The mixed units not only had access to eco-guards from the communities, but were also able to interact with the local population, exchanging ideas and restoring their confidence. This contact between the mixed units and the local populations was a unique opportunity that should be repeated.

Contact cells (intelligence cells) from the communities were also set up, with the overall mission of infiltrating the area covered by the PONASI complex in order to detect any suspicious poaching or criminal activity, and to quickly pass on information, process and analyze it, and initiate action or have it initiated.

Training was a key factor in the success of anti-poaching operations.

The different elements did not have the same working procedures, the same work rhythm or the same rigor.

The men all received technical and tactical training, as well as knowledge of wildlife and the forest environment. This training was highly beneficial, enabling the men to reinforce their knowledge in various fields (forest combat, combat first aid, IST, ISTC, navigation, operational motorcycle driving, camp defense, logistical and operational mission preparation, RETEX, etc.). A total of 10 operational training modules are delivered each time a force projection is planned.

The capacity-building achieved through the operations supported by the project should be maintained for future operations, as it fosters close collaboration and a climate of trust between the various units deployed.

Throughout the project, the involvement and collaboration of the administrative, military and paramilitary authorities representing the State has enabled the launch of large-scale joint anti-poaching operations capable of dissuading any desire to occupy the Protected Areas, given the level of insecurity.

This strong involvement of the State has enabled the various local security actors (FDS) to come together around the same table, bringing them to federate their efforts to achieve common goals.

The army's full collaboration in these kinds of activities is essential, and was a reality in the context of this project, enabling all members of the mixed units to be equipped with protective gear, weapons and ammunition.