Formation of community groups and training in resource management and alternative livelihoods. Under the project, herders formed community groups of 10 to 15 members. These groups were given training as well as financial support in the form of small loans and grants to support the groups’ sustainable management of resources and diversify herders’ livelihoods. 64 herder communities were officially registered and issued with community certificates.

The "Communication Collective Puja" was created through training workshops and laboratories to encourage community participation in land use planning processes of the municipality of Nuquí. During the Collective’s creation, formulation of the management plan in the region began, which was documented from the very beginning by the work of the Communication Collective. Young people from communities, having been previously trained, dedicated themselves to the video production process, interviews with participants and audios for the local radio. This made possible that the community participated in the process. The dissemination of the agreements of the process and the views of the community generated more interest, and people came to places where activities were being conducted and got involved in the dynamics. With camera, video and audio recorder in hand, the Collective made possible that opinions were shared and that the process was presented in a dynamic and participatory manner. A growing enthusiasm and community participation were the results of the process, which included other community issues, such as medical assistance and flooding.

An education and outreach programme (e.g. community theatre, radio campaign, community events) is implemented to raise awareness of waste management, stimulate initial dialogue and influence attitude and behaviour changes. Community theatre is a very successful tool to achieve this. Up to 5 members of the community are trained as data collectors and spend a week interviewing citizens and key stakeholders in order to collect ‘data’ on attitudes, behaviors and perceptions towards waste management Data are analyzed and translated into a series of storylines. A second group of citizens (up to 15) are trained as ‘artists’ and participate in a week of training (story-telling, role playing and scripting) and rehearsals. At the end of the week the theatre performance takes place. At critical points in the performance, an MC invites the audience to ask questions, exchange ideas and experiences, and debate solutions to waste management challenges. The community theatre is followed up with practical outreach activities such as beach clean-ups to introduce the concept of the four R’s (refuse, reduce, reuse, recycle). Village leaders are encouraged to take part in practical activities to promote good governance and strong leadership.

All species, habitats, ecosystems and ecosystem services with conservation value (e.g. IUCN Red List, national biodiversity plans, etc.) are being listed. Then, a technical committee, ideally composed of Parks staff, NGOs, Universities and researchers, is formed. Gorgona National Park adopted as conservation targets 6 coastal and marine ecosystem, and 22 species; those targets are also fully considered in the climate smart conservation process, by including them into the technical assessments and climate adaptation planning.

The PNNG has generated a close relationship with the communities living around the park where it has been promoted as the medium that makes possible not only the existence of protected areas in the country, but also “territories of life” for communities. We have been working to consolidate work spaces such as the Uramba Agreement, Mesa de Pesca, Agreement of Use. All of them with the intention to make possible the recognition of the importance of the area of influence. The partnership between the Park and the Guapi Community is articulated through a Local Board, created on the basis of the Yanaconas Agreement (2002); which was evaluated in 2009 and the Uramba Agreement was signed, reaffirming the strategy of engagement with black communities of the Pacific with the aim to unite efforts for the conservation of natural and cultural heritage of the Colombian Pacific. The Uramba agreement defines a common agenda; all levels of planning and implementation represented in sub-regional and regional work tables, including an operating crew formed with Park and communities representatives.

Invasive species in Amboseli, Tsavo and Nakuru NPs had covered large areas of wildlife habitat, displaced native biodiversity, reduced favorable forage, affected wildlife distribution and lessened visitor enjoyment. In each park, KWS staff worked with local people and other scientists to identify invasive species, their impact on wildlife, strategies for early detection, and mechanisms for control and eradication. Special focus was given to species that were growing fast, breeding profusely, dispersing widely and outgrowing native species. Areas of heavy infestation were mapped and divided into blocks to enable systematic control. Mechanical removal was preferred over chemical-based eradication to minimize risks to non-target species. KWS organized volunteer groups from local institutions and communities to mechanically uproot invasive plants from designated areas. In some cases local people were hired to work in difficult areas. The uprooted trash was either burnt in abandoned quarries or buried to prevent re-invasion. Plots were revisited for three growing seasons and regrowth removed.

Before creating the contracts, a conceptual model and results chain was created. This model clearly outlines how actions will result in addressing the identified threats, and what indicators will be used to monitor the progress towards goals. This is the fundamental step in creating a solid model that clearly addresses threats and identifies how the actions will affect change.

The environmental education program promotes social awareness about the importance of ecosystems goods and environmental services.The educational project in the village school integrates an emphasis on ethno hydro-biological resources

Restoring degraded habitats aimed to enhance ecosystem resilience in five key national parks that collectively provide ecosystem services to more than half of Kenya’s population and rank among the top ten tourist destinations in the country. Restoration focused on areas already earmarked for rehabilitation in park management plans. Exclosure blocks approximately 100 ha in degraded areas were fenced off using solar powered electric fences to exclude wildlife and allow regeneration. Fence structure and design were based on site-specific conditions and the level of risk of damage by large herbivores. Seedlings from native species were provided by KWS, the local communities or purchased from the Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI) and planted within the exclosures to supplement natural regeneration. At least one modern tree nursery was established within each park and where possible, in the neighboring community areas to support long-term supply of seedlings. Interpretive signs were displayed at restored sites for public information. Game viewing tracks were extended to some of such areas to showcase the benefits of restoration.

The project used one very simple and clear contract to lay out the benefits each community and family member would earn as a result of their conservation efforts. The contracts were about one page long and were written in an easy language for villagers to understand, with prices for wildlife sightings clearly written for everyone to see. Approval by the village chief alone—a convenient and traditional protocol—was avoided because of the underlying premise of the model that all potential hunters need to be included equally in sharing benefits and responsibilities. The contracts were, instead, signed by a representative from every family in each community to ensure that everyone understood their potential benefits and required commitment. The contract was also not simply read out loud in each community, but instead there was a question and answer session to gauge villagers’ understanding and help them visualize the system.