Long-term Commitments and Partnerships

The long-term plan of OMY is embodied not merely by one private developer but jointly initiated by a group of public-private stakeholders across the local business districts. Indeed, the Council for Area Development and Management of OMY, being comprised of 68 landowners, 12 observers, and 8 special members in 2016, established the Advisory Committee on OMY Area Development in 1996 together with the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Chiyoda Ward, and East Japan Railway Company. As the first area management initiative in the country, the Committee regularly updates the guidelines for redevelopment activities since 1998. These guidelines set out 8 development goals, key functions of zones, axes, and hubs, district design standards, and local operation rules for coordinating cityscape, networking public open spaces, and transferring FARs. Furthermore, the committee has introduced a variety of area management and place-making initiatives such as free loop bus service, car-free public spaces, establishment of a district-level association, and various city events.

  • Council for Area Development and Management of OMY (comprised of 68 landowners, 12 observers, and 8 special members)
  • Coordination across the local govenrment, the ward government, and the railway company
  • Legalization of the Area Management Initiative

Large-scale redevelopment projects generally require the complex and painstaking coordination of property rights among various stakeholders. The long-term commitment of major developers and the establishment of horizontal partnerships are essential for intergenerational redevelopments and sustainable area management. Many details of urban design, operation, and place-making efforts must be initiated and guided in local specific ways.

Market Incentives for Social Capital Improvements

Accompanied by private redevelopment projects, the national government decided to restore the old redbrick building of Tokyo Station, initially built in 1912 and damaged by firebombing during World War II. While the symbolic building restoration was expected to have broader social and cultural benefits for the neighboring business districts, its project cost was estimated around JPY50 billion. In order to meet both social and commercial objectives, the site of Tokyo Station was extensively designated as a zone for the special FAR exemption and allowed to transfer the unused FARs from the historic redbrick building to the neighboring lots for new commercial tower developments. The station building restoration, partially financed by the FAR transfer revenues, was successfully completed in 2013 by a railway company, which also developed two 205-meter tall skyscrapers among the towers with extra FARs, and reinvested the increase in land value of the densified grade-A office buildings to cover the railway finance. To improve the district further, the current provision of a multimodal transportation square for regular bus and taxi services plans is to be completed by East Japan Railway Company in partnership with the Tokyo Metropolitan Government in 2017.

  • Legislative and institutional requirements met to apply bonus FAR schemes
  • Finance mechanism to cover a vast amount of capital improvement cost through land value capture

  • Sound approach for land and property value assessment

Private redevelopment projects could meet both commercial and social objectives if market incentives are properly given for public capital improvements. In particular, the exemption and transfers of extra FARs should be designed not merely to increase short-term business profitability but rather to raise public funds for life cycle asset management.  

Synthesizing New and Old Downtown by Coordinating Land and Transportation

The district can be conveniently accessed by a variety of transportation systems. The major model option is Minato Mirai Line opened in 2004 which is directly connected to central Tokyo. Two arterials and several link roads enhance transportation connectivity and business cohesiveness across the two central districts of Minato Mirai 21 and their neighboring areas extensively. With the high-quality transit infrastructure and services, a range of business persons, residents, and visitors can get smooth access to and from international and domestic hub facilities in Tokyo (e.g., Haneda and Narita Airports). Furthermore, footbridges, automated walkways, and underground paths form an integrated pedestrian network over the entire district, which is accompanied by intercity bus, water bus, and bicycle-sharing schemes.

  • Cross-cutting department within the city called the Planning and Coordination Department (PCD) which initiated participatory approaches, public-private partnerships, coordination across sectors and departments, and flexible and creative solutions to financial and other issues
  • Collaboration of the city and private companies (e.g., railway companies, bus and taxi operators, developers) for intra-city transportation connectivity

Intra-city transportation connectivity and land use coordination are essential to integrate individual business districts into one competitive economic cluster. To attract international and domestic business travelers, high-quality transit access services to and from airports and high-speed rail stations are vital. The intercity and intracity transit networks should be integrated with pedestrian and bicycle circulation systems across private properties and public facilities. The enlarged seamless transportation system should be supported by transit-oriented land use coordination and urban amenity provisions between new and old districts.

Public Initiative and Long-term Stewardship to Drive Waterfront Development

In Minato Mirai 21, the City of Yokohama in 1983 commenced three major development projects: land reclamation (73.9ha) by the city; land readjustment (101.8ha) by a semipublic agency for housing; and port facility improvement (77.9ha) by the city and the national government. The actual project delivery has taken much longer than the original schedule. Indeed, many sizable lots in Minato Mirai 21 have long been unfilled with private real estates, due to occasional market shocks and sequential economic downturns across Japan and Asia over the last few decades. To utilize the undeveloped land lots, the city as a project owner allows temporal land use for commercial activities with some fixed lease terms up to 10 years. As a result of this interim arrangement, private building development in the district has advanced, filling more than 80 percent of both permanent use and temporal use land.

  • Cross-cutting department within the city called the Planning and Coordination Department (PCD) which initiated participatory approaches, public-private partnerships, coordination across sectors and departments, and flexible and creative solutions to financial and other issues
  • Project ownership of the city leader and officials

  • Laws and regulations that allow to collectively arrange land for capital projects

Large-scale waterfront development generally calls for a vast amount of upfront investment in public infrastructure (e.g., land reclamation, new road development, subway construction on the soft ground), whereas the degree of private property investment and development depends on dynamic market climates in the long run. It is essential to establish the long-term stewardship between public and private partners. The city government especially as a major landholder needs to flexibly offer favorable lot sale and/or lease conditions and manage debt service payments during interim periods.

Going the extra mile

Once the creative process has started, ideas have turned into plans, and there are high expectations about what can be achieved, the Association faced the dilemma of fast profiting, by catching all product available (altought at lower price per unit), or long term profiting, establishing a catch-limit in order to ensure the availability of high quality product (better valued, and allowing black shell population to meet its life cycle).
Since the second alternative seemed more rational for members, the had to design the tool to manage the catch limit. The solution was to set the catch-size 2 millimeters above the legal limit to catch, and to adopt some several regulations into their rules of procedure. That is, to pass from some crazy ideas to a disciplinated implementation with strong sanctions ( monetary and suspension of the fishing rights of the members) aprooved by the total of the members.

Strong comunity and associative principles allowed to adopt mature decisions, even those perceived as too restrictive.

 

The certainty that in order to achieve a better future, changes in their way of living must be done.

To be confident into their propositions, and to not be afraid of the uncertainty of their decissions.

Disciplined implementation is a key factor.

Rotate the responsibility of administrative management allows most of them to understand the importance of control role and to respect eachother, reducing unrest potential.

Cooperative networking

Association Las Huacas has developed a Cooperative networking with different allies from private and public sectors. Partnership agreement with GEOGES C.Ltda. (environmental consultancy agency), wich has been interested into cooperate with ancient populations in order to preserve the culture and traditions, as well as to recover the optimal conditions for mangrove development and conservation.
The agreement brings to the association the technical capabilities of the Agency, in order to get the assistance to design- implement- and follow up of the management plan. The agreement has also served as a framework for cooperation at different levels – community, asociation – in order to enforce the organizational aspects of both institutions, as well as to propose and to develop alternative initiatives of production or self-employment, and the critical analysis of thrird parties cooperation initiatives.

To find the right partner, relative objectives and vision (apply to bothsides).

Total commitment to cooperation, with full involvement of the members into the planned activities.

Long-term follow-up, in order to create and to register data that will allow future decission making.

 

 

 

Active participation in identifiying issues and planning process will allow better understanding of the issues and more realistic paths to deal with it.

Try and failure process is also necessary in order to understand different dynamics working at the time, and to develop successful next steps.

Developing a honey export value chain

Honey export value chains have been developed according to the following stepwise approach:

  1. Selection of cooperatives
  2. Training model farmers in pre-and post-harvesting quality management, organic certification and internal controlling system, traceability system to fulfill EU-quality parameters
  3. Provision of food grade and quality improving equipment (packaging & processing equipment, solar lamps, food grade honey bags, presses etc.)
  4. Provide technical expertise from Germany to smallholders, their cooperatives and unions in honey processing and fulfilling the export requirements (e.g. honey water content control)
  5. Support the unions to acquire an export license, organic certificate and risk management certificate plus other necessary requirements from the Ethiopian government in order to implement the export process
  6. Communication to veterinarians and other inspection authorities on EU-level by German partners to allow future import of Ethiopian honey
  7. Constantly monitor and guide honey unions, laboratories and authorities during the export procedure
  8. Establish a contact to the shipping line by German partners and prepare honey export logistics
  • Trust between local farmer unions and international companies and advisors
  • Clear demand for high quality honey by business sector in Germany
  • Higher demand for organic honey in Europe due to lower export rates from Latin America & Asia as honey production is increasingly meeting domestic demands
  • Use restrictions of BR buffer zones according to UNESCO
  • Local smallholders engaged in participatory forest management (PFM) groups receive official forest user rights & direct access to products
  • The interplay between local expertise and international know how resulted in a successful set up of value chains. It was crucial to conduct very detailed trainings with producers especially on post-processing to achieve high quality honey
  • Local prices for honey are high which made the price negotiations difficult for the international buyer
  • The ownership of the whole “value-chain” from the grass root producer up to the loading the coffee bags onto a vessel for the overseas market is owned by the producers and their representative umbrella structures. This is a unique example where grass roots structures have become global business partners 
  • Meeting the EU quality standards needs constant checks of honey producing methods. Producers mostly achieved fulfilling the quality standards and delivered 42 Mt of honey. The rest of the honey has been sold to local traders for the local market or other purposes resulting in additional but lower revenues as exported honey
Developing a wild coffee value chain

The business model is based on trading, value adding and promoting specialty wild coffee on the European market, which is handpicked from the original coffee forests. Value chain development involved the following steps:

  1. Build up and strengthen collaboration with local farmers
  2. Identification of suitable collection areas based on resource availability, forest coffee conservation needs & accessibility. 
  3. Training on a) harvesting (picking + separation); b) post harvest handling (separation, drying, sorting and spreading on drying beds
  4. Training on the use of central drying station on cooperative level, site selection and training on the setting up of raised beds
  5. Training on certification requirements (organic wild collection and fair trade certifications) and setup of an internal control system
  6. Advise and support cooperatives and unions to fulfil certification standards
  • Clear demand for high quality wild coffee by consumers and business sector
  • Growing demand of specialty coffee approaching 10% of world consumption, gaining market share rapidly
  • Reliable partnership between unions and Orignal Food
  • Successful examples of strong and exporting coffee trade unions in Ethiopia bringing benefits to their members
  • Use restrictions of BR buffer zones according to UNESCO
  • Local smallholders engaged in PFM groups receive official user rights over the forest areas & direct access to forest products
  • Limited finance sources are the major problem for producing and exporting higher quantities of wild coffee. Local banks are limited in giving loans to unions and producers.
  • Using central drying stations allows successful separation of wild forest coffee from semi-forest and garden coffee and a considerable quality improvement
  • The whole value-chain is owned by producers and their umbrella structures. This is a unique example where grass roots organizations have become global business partners 
  • More and more smallholders are involved in the trade and the export volume of certified wild coffee keeps increasing;
Importance of conservation

Scientists, who have been monitoring the area before it was closed, estimate a 500% increase in biomass within the area since the closure. The area, previously covered with sea urchins, is now a thriving biodiversity hotspot with the balance restored. The elders report new species in the MPA that have not been seen in living memory. The coral, previously destroyed by human feet, has recovered quickly and the lagoon area is now known as one of the best snorkelling destinations on the Kenyan coast. Local and international students come and learn in our living marine classroom. Turtles feed on the seagrass beds undisturbed, and the number of nests has increased significantly. The area has returned from being a marine desert to a marine paradise and a critical model globally that shows how a poor community can help conserve nature and benefit from it too. Bigger and better catches outside the MPA has ensured support for the permanent closure.

 

The MPA could not have gone a head without the belief and forsight of the fisherfolk in the area and the acceptance to beleive that positive change was possible even in difficult circumstances. Local knowledge from the elders ensured a suitable site for the closure was chosen. Scientific research also supported the choice as having the most potential for long term improvement. Regular updates on improvements within the MPA has helped sure up the belief that it is successful as a breeding area.

That nature is resilient and can recover amazingly quickly if left alone to do so. Identifying needs and fostering willingness to embrace change can improve livelihoods. The importance of undertaking an environmental impact assessment on the area, underpinned by research and local knowledge, before the project started has been a critical factor towards the success of the MPA. Constant awareness and updates of the improvement in the MPA need to be communicated back to the community. Analysing the information can be used to put into perspective in the socio-economic impact. The importance of communication of our progress back to the community has been something we have had to improve. When the community understands and sees the benefits from change they are, understandably, more willing to accept it.

Technical support from different sectors and infrastructure support from LGU

To empower the people's organisations, government, NGOs and private entities shard their expertise and provided them technical support. The LGU, government agencies and NGOs trained them to be able to manage their own organisations, practice community based management, and the technical skills on how to manage tourism activities.  SIKAT, an NGO with significant years of experience in community-based coastal resource management program implementation also provided them with training on basic ecology and training and technical support in Marine Protected Area Management.

  • Partnership and good working relationship of LGU with other government agencies, non-government organizations and private entities
  • The ability of the LGU to network also helped them gain support from other government agencies, who provided them with trainings on the different aspects of tourism, and helped build their capacities to manage their organizations.
  • An NGO provided them training on ecology and Marine Protected Area Management to capacitate them in their environment management role
  • Participatory process in the identification of trainings.
  • Capacity building on organizational skills and on environment conservation is as important as the technical trainings on tourism management.