Transmission of knowledge through local networks

Farmers are part of a local network that shares information about traditional and new management practices. This pool of shared knowledge enhances resilience by increasing the capacity to respond adaptively to change.

Farmers experiment with new and old varieties of seeds or with new (using latest scientific findings) or traditional management methods to mitigate disturbances (such as pests). Experimentation can provide “new” solutions to climate change impacts.

Some farmers were part of non-governmental organisations which provided a source of knowledge and practices that improve small holder farming that could be shared.

Experimenting and exchanging information increases adaptive capacity and resilience of the farmers in response to climate variability and change.

Furthermore, reviving traditional knowledge provides some interesting solutions to the impacts of changes in climate such as increased pests. For example, stinging nettles (Urticaria dioica) were known to enhance resistance of livestock and vegetables against disease. Using an infusion of stinging nettles to spray crops, increased the survival of the potato crop.

Ensuring Sustained Utility

In order for the finished product to have practical value, the model should be i) hosted in a location convenient and conducive to land use planning, ii) hosted in a place free from environmental elements (rain, wind, salt water, etc), iii) visible by community/state planning agencies, iv) revisited on a regular basis to incorporate spatial information into ongoing planning exercises

- A hosting space/agency free from environmental elements

- Enthusiasm for use by state and community planning groups

If a case can be purchased/provided, covering the model will extend its shelf life by years. 

Introduce spelt as alternative habitat for grassland-dependent species

With the loss of large fields of agricultural grasslands to corn and soybean, and the lack of interest in installing new ones, wildlife dependent upon this habitat inevitably are impacted. Grasslands in North America rank as one of the region's 21 most endangered ecosystems. Many remaining grasslands, especially in eastern North America are almost entirely embedded within agricultural landscapes. Because of landscape changes, many endangered birds and other wildlife, including pollinators, are increasingly dependent on the agricultural community for habitat creation, maintenance, and health.

Beneficial insects such as bees, butterflies and other pollinators were also observed in the spelt fields because, unlike corn, wheat and soybean fields, other forbs were allowed to grow between the spelt crop rows. Not only does the use of spelt in a farm’s rotation site provide critical breeding habitat and foraging areas for rare grassland birds, the use of the crop also provides suitable habitat for other species, thus increasing biodiversity.

Bird survey results outlined in our study indicated that spelt fields were utilized by target species all years of the study. From a wildlife conservation perspective, the study indicated that the spelt fields can serve a dual use as both an economically sustainable alternative agricultural crop and a surrogate habitat for grassland-dependent bird species. Results of the project were presented at farmer workshops hosted by the USDA-NRCS and NJ Audubon.

Make consumers re-discover spelt as gluten-free and healthy food - as well as bird-friendly habitat

Consumers have discovered the health benefits of ancient varieties and the rising popularity of gluten-free products has increased usage of non-gluten containing specialty grains, such as spelt. A 2004 report published by the Australian Department of Industry & Investment found that: “In animal feed the hull fiber of spelt is particularly beneficial for ruminants, such as cattle, as it increases the digestibility of the feed and reduces acidosis problems." Incorporation of spelt into a crop rotation and using it to attract declining bird species, can be a useful method for farms to attract additional clientele via wildlife watching (eco-agitourism). Through this value-added aspect , the public can become better educated on the importance of supporting local farming, as well as understanding the connection between agriculture, biodiversity, wildlife habitat, wildlife to our natural systems and food supply.

In recent years, spelt has reemerged as a viable product and a major cash crop, especially for organic and artisanal small grain growers in the health food market, both in the USA and in Europe. It is reported to be much easier to digest than wheat and its nutrients are more “bioavailable,” that is, more readily accessed during digestion. 

Spelt, a non GMO crop, is similar in physical structure and growing-season to the typical native grasses that are used for hay and thus can conceivably accommodate the needs of breeding upland grassland-dependent birds and other wildlife.  Harvesting after this date will not impact the breeding bird months, unlike the harvesting of cool-season grass hay crops or other grain crops such as rye, oats, barley or wheat. By incorporating spelt into a farmer’s rotation, the crop provides an alternative for economic diversity as well as critical habitat for wildlife to increase biodiversity.

Understanding People and Context

Qualitative and quantitative research is conducted to produce profiles of both the fisheries and the fishers. Final decision for implementation sites and institutional partners for Brazil's first cohort were based on:

 

1) site fit (suitable ecological, fisheries, and social dynamics);

2) potential for strengthening the implementation of TURFs (=Territorial Use Rights for Fishing) and creation and implementation of no-take zones;

3) regional experience and lessons learned;

4) funding opportunities;

5) government (ICMBio) and partner priorities as opportunity for scaling; and,

6) analysis of potential threats to developing a TURF-Reserve (such as upstream dams, pollution, etc.).

This process is also instrumental to develop partnerships with local associations and leadership to approve the implementation of the campaigns in all sites.

The Brazil RESEX (=extractive coastal and marine reserves) framework offers a favorable set-up to implement TURF-Reserves. While there are differences in governance between local communities’ approach and that of the National Government (ICMBio), we believe there is a great opportunity for collaborating in improving the management of MPAs in Brazil. Additional policy work and advocacy are crucially needed as part of Brazil's country strategy in order to secure fisheries access rights.

  • Fish Forever sites are carefully selected for potential impact. We learned from site selection that each site has a set of conditions that can enable success. We incorporated this lesson learned into the cohort selection process. Furthermore, some less-than-ideal sites will allow us to learn how to work across a wider range of sites.
  • The chance to manage and ‘own’ their fisheries is a powerful benefit for fihsers, but biophysical and economic returns will also need to be estimated in order to motivate further communities.
  • Related to the theme and the cohort objectives, a Pride+ strategy would be applied as the behavior change intervention strategy. Pride will address the expanded need beyond a social marketing approach, to also include other techniques, such as community mobilization, group-dynamic strategy, early on in order to create an enabling environment for the TURFs.
Erosion control measures

Implemented erosion control measures contribute to the conservation of biodiversity through the protection of natural resources from anthropogenic induced erosion processes and through the rehabilitation of degraded areas. Special attention is paid to the causes and underlying drivers of erosion in order to develop strategies to improve erosion control at local level. Together with national partners Ismayilli district of Azerbaijan was selected as a pilot region.

Different erosion control measures are conceptualized and implemented through the cooperation of national and local partners, involving relevant stakeholders, international and local experts and local villagers. In order to rehabilitate the eroded lands and avoid further land degradation locally applicable erosion control measures are introduced to the land users. Measures include ‘grey’ measures (terraces, fences) as well as ‘green’ measures (afforestation, orchard management) and are combined with alternative income generating practices.

Socio-economic and ecological benefits of better land management and erosion control measures are monitored, documented and demonstrated to surrounding communities.

  • Understanding and ownership of the problems by land users are an essential part of successful implementation of erosion control.
  • Strong exchange between land user and relevant scientist.
  • Capacity development for land users.
  • Demonstrate economic value of erosion control measures.
  • A strong understanding of the social structure of the community as well as the local environment is key for the development of an erosion control concept.
  • Measures should be locally applicable and tangible for the farmers.
  • Reliable results are necessary to convince farmers (shown on the pilot sites and monitoring plots of the project).
  • It is vital to test and demonstrate different erosion control measures to showcase what measures have the most impact on which erosion situations and foster understanding for the solutions.
  • Involvement of local communities in the construction of the measures (manpower and material).
  • Develop an upscaling concept, making local experiences sustainable, e.g. an erosion control handbook for the South Caucasus region.
Exercising leadership in registering surf breaks in the official national register

SPDA has led the registration of over 10 surf breaks which are now formally protected. This leadership is key because there is need for dynamic, strong and visible actions which can be informed to the key actors/base of stakeholders who support the idea of protecting surf breaks and their surroundings. Leadership in this context involves not only "action" per se but internal legal capacityto navigate the amnlistrative procedures and requirements to lead to the recognition of a particular surf break as subject of protection. This leadership includes: systematizing relevant documents (p.e. maps, analysis of social context, environmental and ecologic descrition of the area, map of actors, etc.), presenting them to the relevant authority (DICAPI - the Direction of Ports and Marine Officials), following and monitoring process and presenting complementary documentation, undertaking press conferences, leading media campaigns, etc.   

1. A legal and regulatory basis which enables the registration of surf breaks (Law 27280, Supreme Decree 015-2013-DE).

2. Strong legal capacities (specilized in environmental and administrative law). 

3. A team of committed proffessionals, which includes not only legal expertise but other discilplines (e.g. marine biologists, sociologists). 

Procedures to register a surf break with DICAPI can be lengthy and complex. SPDA has developed a know how which has enabled it to start registering over 10 surf breaks since 2014. This has been possible due to a enthusiastic and motivated team which is convinced about the long terms impacts about the mission pursued. Maintaining a team which is also "related" to the sea and ocean (there is surfers, divers, windsurfers) provides with a strong committment by its members.  

Climate Resilient Coral Gardening

Coral gardening, also known as mariculture, is undertaken by collecting small pieces of broken coral in shallow waters and re-attaching them to so-called spiderweb cages (portable metal frames).

The coral fragments are eventually transplanted to large coral frames in places where the reef has been destroyed by cyclones, crown of thorns starfish or other climate change-linked hazards. The coral beds are placed in around 6 meters of water, enough to keep them safe from cyclone swells, where they can grow into full size coral colonies.

The project uses coral varieties that are particularly resilient to the climate change impacts of bleaching and ocean acidification. The artificial reefs create new habitat for fish, and provide coastline protection from waves. 

  • Implementation in the context of the participatory management of the NPMLPA, characterized by extraordinary community stewardship and engagement.
  • Awareness raising for community members on the current threats to coral reefs and the importance of corals for climate change adaptation, coastal protection, biodiversity but also for local people’s livelihoods and socio-economic development.
  • Capacity building measures for participating community members, including respective training material
  • Different varieties of coral show differing levels of planting success. It has been important to trial multiple coral varieties and identify those that are most resilient to temperature and acidification as well as those that grow best in our planting conditions.
  • Women are some of the most effective coral gardeners. When they wade on the reef they are able to delicately and successfully find living coral fragments that have broken naturally due to wave damage. 
  • Coral must be firmly attached to the planting bed with cable ties or tie wire; if the coral does not have firm contact to the bed, it cannot continue to grow.
  • Youth and children have learned, through coral planting, that corals are living organisms. Using this activity as an educational tool outside the classroom has improved understanding of the underwater ecosystem, now considered as important as the terrestrial and garden ecosystems.
Commission for the management and protection of sea turtles.

1.By consensus of the interested parties, INCOPESCA, ADIO, UCR, and SINAC created a commission of co-management and created a legal framework established with executive decree DAJ-020-2005, in order to work together and this group of Co-management launches a management plan for the conservation and sustainable use of turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) nesting on Ostional beach.

The SINAC and INCOPESCA authorization and supervision of the Ostional Development Association (ADIO) to use eggs as a means of subsistence (consumption and sale). The community benefits from consumption of the egg as food and also to receive the economic resources that are distributed between people and social welfare, while contributing to the conservation of the turtle, through the cleaning of the beach and the care Of turtle hatchlings.

 

Leaning from the results of the first phase (2006-2011) progress was made in fulfilling population recovery objectives. The analysis of research advances made in the last five years and the sessions valuation that each of the actors did on experiences informed the 2013 – 2016 5-year plan; so did negotiations and agreements between the parties.

Representatives of the ADIO, UCR, INCOPESCA and SINAC developed jointly and by consensus four products that were the basis for the development of the new five-year management proposal:

  • A basic characterization of the roles of the actors and the main elements of their experience, which identified the keys to a successful plan for future use.
  • An interpretation framework as reference to outline the guidelines of the use plan for the next five years;
  • the principles governing the plan
  • general and specific rules and objectives.
Expert elicitation workshop

The actual expert elicitation assessment is carried out during a workshop or series of workshops, attended by appointed marine experts in the field of marine environmental or socio-economic sciences. The experts collaborate and discuss the status and trends on the different parameters for the marine assessment and come to a consensus score. The scores are recorded during the workshop and entered into the SOME website. Notes are taken by a rapporteur on the discussion and the details of relevant reports, papers or other documents are recorded . The interaction and discussions during the workshop should allow the editorial board to identify potential authors to participate in the subsequent report-writing phase of the process.

A minimum of 20 experts, with at least 5 for each key discipline areas (fisheries and biology, physical sciences and socioeconomics).

A minimum of 3 full workshop days.

Internet access

The workshop allows