Long-term monitoring to assess effectiveness of protection

At the Aldabra research station, the Seychelles Islands Foundation implements long-term monitoring programmes of species and habitats. The results of these programmes are used to advise and assess effectiveness of conservation and management strategies. Set up by Jeanne Mortimer, a turtle track monitoring programme has been carried out consistently across the 52 nesting beaches on the outer edge of Aldabra since 1980. Each morning rangers record the number and type of turtle emergences during the night for an index nesting beach, while other beaches are visited less often due to location. No active management interventions for turtles are carried out on Aldabra. Analysis of data from 1968 to 2008 concluded a 500-800% increase in the green turtle population to an estimated 3100-5225 female nesting annually (Mortimer et al. 2011) and the population has continued to increase. This shows that establishing protected areas where turtle nesting habitat is undisturbed and adult turtles are safe is an extremely effective tool in the conservation of certain species and should be a primary management approach. This not only includes the nesting beach, but also includes the fringing reef where females may remain during their consecutive nesting attempts. 

To be able to implement long-term monitoring programmes, standardised monitoring methodologies are necessary. All new personnel on Aldabra undergo training in order to maintain the correct standard and procedures of data collection. In order to retain institutional memory, a handover period is conducted in which experienced staff and recent recruits feel confident in the knowledge of conducting monitoring on Aldabra.

The documentation of monitoring methodologies in detailed guiding protocols is necessary to ensure that the same assessment procedures are implemented over the years. This is especially important on Aldabra where its remoteness and isolation results in high staff turnover. Protocols ensure that all information on what is collected is easily available for new staff. Having protocols and clear objectives also ensures that data can be maximized and retains its value. As a result, on Aldabra, all monitoring programmes are documented, including turtle track count monitoring, one of the longest data collection programmes implemented on the atoll.

Development of technical capabilities

The development of technical capacities with small producers for the establishment and management of agroforestry systems was carried out by coupling knowledge transfer with practical application by each producer in his pilot plot. The application of the practices was supported and accompanied by seed capital for each farmer. In farmer field schools, the technician taught theoretical and practical modules in a language suitable for all participants. He also promoted the exchange of knowledge among producers. For certain topics - gender equity, post-harvest management, etc. - specialized experts intervened. - specialized experts intervened. At the same time, the technician regularly visited the farmer in his pilot plot, thus creating space and trust for specific questions, and allowing the correction of wrong implementations. In order to maintain motivation in the group and encourage peer-to-peer exchange, several experience-sharing tours were organized to the countries of the Trifinio Region. Particularly empowered producers participated in training to become community agricultural promoters. These producers are now acting as technical assistants in their communities, and are disseminating good agricultural practices on a larger scale.

  • Motivated technicians, strongly supported by their manager, who established a transparent and trusting relationship with the communities.
  • Community leaders willing to set an example and support change.
  • Involvement of the whole family in the trainings
  • Reasonable duration of the capacity building process, which allowed us to face together (technician-producers) doubts and setbacks. Here there were 8 years of technical assistance.
  • Seed capital to establish pilot plots, since it requires a significant initial investment.
  • The generation of soil data with the active participation of low-income communities with a low level of formal education was possible, and had positive effects on their self-esteem and awareness of environmental issues.
  • From the beginning, it was important to consider mechanisms for dissemination, replication and anchoring of knowledge in order to ensure the permanence of knowledge and a scaling up of its application in the territory (e.g., community agricultural promoters).
  • Tri-national experience exchange tours in the Trifinio fostered direct dialogue among peers, giving participants confidence in their ability to undertake change.
  • The transparent and participatory definition of framework conditions, such as maximum pilot area per farmer, investment required and support provided, required special care. Agreements with each farmer were recorded in a farm plan to avoid misunderstandings.
• Choosing to plant threatened indigenous trees for high value timber

Overharvesting in Tanzania in general and in this area's forests which lie within the adjacent Mt. Meru National Park have contributed to the threatened status of nationally treasured species such as Dalbergia, Khaya, Afzelia, Millettia, Podocarpus, & Juniper spp.  The capacities of the communities were built with the help of NGOs but the initiative was implemented as a participatory action research in which villagers led the collaboration with the NGOs in a supportive role.

The community recognized that some of these species are hard to find,and illegal to harvest in the wild. They  identified multiple solutions including soil conservation measures and planting of these indigenous trees in their fields. They combined this with land use planning with local bylaws to be monitored and enforced by village environment committees, water source restoration using indigenous trees, and planting of grasses along soil & water conservation measures in farmers’ fields.

1 - A facilitating approach rather than directives let to voluntary formation of village by-laws in support of land use & natural resource management; two plans have been recognized by the district to date.

2 - Facilitation included training on measuring of contours and establishing grasses for livestock fodder, thus bringing multiple benefits: to conserve water and soil; in one village, gathering water from roads into field contours instead of the opposite (this idea still needs more promotion as farmers fear the effects of too much runoff water entering their fields.)

3 - The NGOs worked with the communities to find solutions and develop activities which they themselves identified. These discussions created ownership and led them to address other challenges.

• Facilitating community discussion on natural resources management action;

The solution was to empower the communities to take action using sustainable agriculture through their voluntary involvement. Community members were involved in describing their situation and finding solutions which they were willing to implement, emphasizing participation and action to stop the environmental and food security decline. They proposed a number of activities which they agreed to commence. They identified multiple solutions including soil conservation measures and planting of indigenous trees in their fields, land use planning with local bylaws to be monitored and enforced by village environment committees, water source restoration using indigenous trees, and planting of grasses along soil & water conservation measures in farmers’ fields. The capacities of the communities were built with the help of NGOs but the initiative was implemented as a participatory action research in which villagers led the collaboration with the NGOs in a supportive role. They worked closely with the community leaders and early-adapter farmers to further refine the solutions and develop specific activities to address the challenges.

The communities have embraced the goal of increasing food security and environmental restoration by building capacity of community members by the two local NGOs. The first farmers engaged have noticed increased production and arresting soil erosion and increased water retention on their farms. The focus has addressed education, starting in the higher altitude farms. Not all obstacles like population have been addressed.

1 - The NGOs worked with the communities to find solutions and develop activities which they themselves identified. These discussions created ownership and led them to address other challenges. 

2 - Instead of following methods of previous initiatives which primarily used exotic tree species, used a difficult-to-use technology for measuring contours (line-level) which farmers could not do themselves, and imposed engagement of farmers, this collaboration showed change by example, engaged first lead farmers voluntarily, generated adherence to bylaws first by education, later by coercion, used indigenous trees, and introduced simple tools & technologies. 

3 - Historical approaches have left bad memories; forced destocking is illogical to the local agro-pastoralists whose assets are measured in land and livestock numbers.

4 - Population pressure has caused cultivation of steep lands which should not be farmed. Households high on the hillsides need to take the lead; those lower down suffer from the effects of the poor practices above them and their efforts are destroyed during heavy rains.

 

Action: Mangrove restoration laboratories

The underlying strategy of this building block is - instead of pursuing quantitative goals of restored areas -, to start with small, concrete actions such as mangrove seed nurseries and field trials with the communities. This helps to reduce barriers and leads to tangible and immediate results. In combination with the development and dissemination of information materials and participatory monitoring, it helps to showcase mangrove restoration as a means of adaptation to climate change by local actors. In addition, it strengthens the capacities of local stakeholders and institutions and generates synergies (see building block II).

  • Close collaboration with local stakeholders and continuous guidance.

  • Empowerment of the communities to maintain the ecosystem and improve the provision of ecosystem services important for their livelihoods.

  • While results in terms of restored area are still limited, investments in capacity development and governance of the area are expected to result in medium and long-term social, ecological and economic impacts.
  • For mangrove restoration, the area should be zoned according to social and environmental criteria: 1) priority areas where reforestation should be initiated immediately; 2) areas where other types of interventions should be carried out prior to reforestation (such as dredging, sensitization and training of surrounding local populations, removal of sewage discharges); and 3) other areas where mangrove can be left to recover alone (MAE and GIZ 2016).
Wellbeing

FPP considers fundamental for the implementation of projects: achieving the basic needs and the improvement of the living conditions of the community, it has the endorsement of it. So it is essential to build bonds of trust with its participants, local authorities and community leaders.

 

The satisfaction of basic is necessary to improve life conditions of families and communities; which creates accurate conditions to self-sufficiency as well the design of local projects that contribute to their development beyond wellbeing.

 

Having these situations will generate projects oriented to the generation of income with local resources that will establish the bases to achieve self-sufficiency and their empowerment. Also, from this process the community will carry out actions for the management of high impact projects with and other instances. After having finalized the knowledge and skills for the design, execution and monitoring of local and regional development plans.

  • Participants with a communitarian vision on long term which permits identify the goals to achieve development.
  • Commitment from participants with the project, the process and the work.
  • Trainings and farming models design according with the region to achieve best yields.
  • Know the ES that each region offers in order to insert it in a value chain which permits better incomes for farmers.
  • People could receive benefits to reach wellbeing, but they have to participate actively and share the compromise to work inside this scheme.
  • We have to identify the options to insert the products in the best market, and that market has to have the same values as farmers.
  • We have to determine with community how far we can go in a period of time with the project, to identify the goals, indicators and impacts of the project.
  • We have to identify secondary products and identify the diversification of the work for non-farmers families.
  • We must include young people and children in the process of identify goals for the community.
Community organization

FPP intervention scheme considers the Community Organization as a fundamental catalyst because through it an active, conscious, inclusive and participative community is created that is committed to solving its problems. FPP focuses on the integration of networks and working groups, linked to the community and participants participation in their locality, in such a way that a dynamic community is achieved that learns to make joint decisions.


We seek to work with self-managed community actors that promote collective interests and raise awareness of the importance of social integration for the resolution of common problems. This allows the appropriation of projects that integrate environmental services conservation and based on social organization.

 

We are working for the consolidation of the community organization with a solid structure, well-defined roles and full participation of women and young people; which have high levels of trust and solidarity as well as promoters of change.

Of that it is possible a resilient community with the capacity of answer to problems or external shocks that, likewise, remain in the search of continuous improvements.

  • Identifying cultural knowledge, values and idiosyncrasy of participants to enhance the impact of the project to achieve common goals.
  • Identifying geographical area, landscape and ecosystem services offered by the region to understand people life and dynamic.
  • Work team from the region whom speak language and share idiosyncrasy to achieve people confidence and participation.
  • Participatory planning to identify their own community, their needs according their environment, social perspective and economic opportunities.
  • Effective communication.
  • People need feel part of the project and to achieve that we have to integrate as much as possible the entire community, even if they are not farmers, but receive benefits of ecosystem and social services offered by farmlands.
  • We need to identify the base line considering environmental and social perception of the entire community, even if they are not active farmers.
  • We need to develop a plan beyond only farming or wellbeing, in which include leadership, entrepreneurship, financial education and business.
  • We need to include young people in order to reach a generational joint.
Sharing knowledge

Identifying and value local knowledge and generating an exchange of it, as well as the transfer of technology appropriate with environment and community needs, which allow people strengthen its skills and abilities in order to carry out local and regional development projects.

This block is based on the recognition of local capacities, abilities, livelihoods and resources, as well as social and cultural resources specific to the community and its environment. As well as through the identification of strengths and weaknesses, it becomes possible to have the necessary information to identify and prioritize common problems.

We have a central catalyst for FPP betting: generate an exchange of knowledge and technology transfer for the environment and the problems detected, which allows the improvement of local production systems and facilitate the development and implementation of community projects. This catalyst make the bases to design projects of wellbeing, conservation agriculture, among others; that this exchange of knowledge and technologies is carried out and can be replicated and implemented in other community projects.

 

  • Local promoters which lead the process of community participation in the project.
  • Participation of families in participatory planning to identify needs and solutions for them community and commitment to work on it.
  • Farmers identifying environmental services offered by their lands.
  • Farmers taking trainings to improves the cultural management of their land, applying knowledge and working seeking to conserve environmental services
  • Networks with different stakeholders to improve farming and market the products.
  • We need to prioritize the ecosystem as the main base of development, in which one is inserted the social organization that strengthen the sustainable use of the environmental services that offer the region and that have a profitable economic activity as consequence.
  • Participants of the projects having the main role in the process, we have to impulse them to participate seeking the way to give them confidence and security to participate, asking and sharing about the topics they want to know.
  • Farmers have local knowledge as important as trainers and other stakeholders; they could strengthen their skills to identify the best practices for them.
  • We have to give them the responsibility of their community, developing skills that permit farmers change the paradigm about farming as pick up harvest, to farming as way of life to drive development.
Co-management of Soariake MPA

Soariake is an IUCN category VI MPA, that aims at protecting natural ecosystems while allowing the sustainable use of natural resources. It is currently co-managed by WCS and local community gathered in Soariake Association.

Local communities are at the same time actors and victims of overfishing.  As MPA co-manager, WCS  is in charge of scientific research and monitoring to assess the value of the site, communicate, raise awareness and support local communities to identify and implement suitable conservation measures, identifying alternatives to better manage natural resources, and identifying key partners if needed. WCS also provides capacity building in terms of project management, social organization and fishing regulation; thus ensuring the integrity of the MPA and the livelihoods of the communities.

WCS also supports the local community to define different zoning of the MPA, local conventions on resource management, ensure patrolling through Community Control and Surveillance, collect  fish catch data, and promote alternatives that are environmental friendly.

Community involvement in the management of the MPA is key to build a local ownership, one pillar to warrant sustainability of on ground activities.

  • Building a long term partnership between WCS and the local community to seek for sustainability: a project approach will raise an opportunistic feelings among local community which does not help achieving conservation and development objectives;

 

  • Maintaining support while ensuring the local community would not become dependent on WCS: capacity building, technical support during the implementation of the activities aim ensuring that in the future local community will be able to implement the activities by themselves;
  • Once the industry is developed in a village and the farmers increase, organizational support is also crucial to help farmers organize production, maintain quality standards, negotiate with the private sector, managing the community equipment, ensuring socio-economic monitoring among farmers, and supporting households in managing their income so as to make sure that the benefit from the aquaculture brings advantages to the family;

 

  • Fighting illiteracy should be part of the activity to consider while promoting co-management so as to facilitate the implementation of regulation, the negotiation with partners, to better involved in rural entrepreneurship
Collaboration with any and all Private and Public Organizations who share the same concern for health, environment and the welfare of farmers and their communities

Global warming and climate-change is a global issue and solutions to avert climate change from tipping over and slow down global warming should likewise be global in nature.   

 

"While we are relatively small individually…I believe that working together for a greater purpose, we can achieve our goals; many in body and one in mind." Ken Lee, Lotus Foods.

 

 ZIDOFA's attainment of near completed status for the targetted closed-loop organic SRI rice value chain in the span of just two years despite the absence of a resident sponsoring NGO or support organization is attributable to its strategic partnerships with both private organizations and government agencies.  As such, the various components of the value chain, mainly infrastructure, logistical and equipment support were granted by varying organizations and agencies.

 

At the start of the project, ZIDOFA submitted the Project Plan to as many private and government entities as possible and a year after project start, also submitted Executive Briefs to heads of agencies outlining the milestones, achievements and constraints met by the farmers.  As such, by year two, the concerned organizations and agencies were well aware of the project and eventually became project partners thereby setting an unprecedented model for convergence.

 

 

Communication channels established early on 

Sharing the Mission and Vision and Objectives of the Project to stakeholders 

Sharing not just achieved milestones but challenges and obstacles as well in clear manner

Transparency and regular and prompt progress reports 

Focus on farmers, health and environment with no political, religious or other leanings. 

 

Scope should be local, national and global 

Need for a physical office is imperative.

A communications officer and liason team should be put in place. 

Funds for communication should be allotted and secured

Project meetings and reports should be well organized, archived and backed up.