Solar power plant installation

The old diesel powered generator on Cousin Island Special reserve was replaced by a modern and robust Photovoltaic Solar Power system. Research was required to procure equipment that could withstand the high salinity, heat and humidity on a tropical island. Once located in the United States, the different components had to be imported by the NGO Nature Seychelles (who manages teh Special Reserve) itself. All the equipment including the stands that had to be fabricated using high quality stainless steel had to be shipped to the island - Cousin island Special Reserve has no dock, harbor or quay and the landing of the equipment was fraught with difficulties. The stand-alone 5 kw photovoltaic energy system was installed in July 2015. Since then 2 controllers have had to be replaced because of corrosion.

  • National enabling environment for renewable energy -no tax imposed on solar equipment in the country.
  • Existence of company – ClimateCaring that had the knowledge and willingness to help design and set up the robust, off-grid PV installation.
  • Assistance on and off the island by the institution’s staff.
  • Large enough area for secure siting of and easy access to the installation.
  • Robust technology is required to withstand the harsh climate
  • Staff have to trained in use and maintenance of the system
  • Regular maintenance schedules need to be set up and adhered to
  • Budget has to be secured for maintenance and purchase of defective/damaged parts
Monitoring and being vigilant and active in implementation

Though ensuring the registration of a surf break is no easy task, it is critical to ensure thata once a surf break is recognized and registered, actions are taken to ensure that the promises and advantages of protection are delivered to all actors, and local fishing communities in particular. This building bloc implies, for example: regular capacity building and interaction with children and youngsters; cleaning of beaches campaigns; recognition of local champions and leaders; monitoring development initiatives (e.g. in infraestructure which may affect a surf break), regular mettings with local actors to explore ways in which the local environment an be improved, etc.    

1. Good relations with local communities and all involved actors. 

2. Available resources to undertake montoring and vigilance activities and actions. 

3. Permanent travel and visits by Do it for Your Wave to each registered surk break. 

4. Good communications and networking activities.  

This particular building bloc is key in the step by step process suggested. Actual formal protection is almost a FIRST step in a more long term effort to ensure integrity of surf breaks and their surroundings. Resources need to undertake a close monitoring of what is happening oin each site, regularly. Things may change rapidly, including if agreements have been set to ensure for example, that no infraestructure affects these sites (negatively). This has proved to be  a key challenge as expectations by all actors are often high. Protecting the surf break should enable a tangible benefit to all. This needs to be documented carefully and disseminated to ensure all actors are aware about the positive change taking place. 

Adaptation, gender and the empowerment of women: an integrated approach

In Burundi, gender inequalities continue to restrict women's access to decision-making, resources and benefits (education, information, land ownership, time, jobs, credits, etc.) and the equitable distribution of tasks. Faced with this situation, women are becoming more vulnerable but are also excluded from efforts to mitigate and adapt to the effects of climate change.

The ACCES project carried out a gender analysis in its intervention zones. The evaluation of the status of gender mainstreaming in planning and implementation of adaptation measures, in information and early warning systems and in Community Development Community Plans (PCDCs) yielded several recommendations. One recommendation was the CCA model household approach. The goal is that couples are trained in replicating the techniques, skills and experiences gained through the project within their respective CCA households, taking into account that women are powerful change agents and development and in order to empower women.

  • Human resources trained on gender and knowledgeable of Burundian culture and traditions (eg gender focal points)
  • Gender analysis as a basis for mainstreaming gender, carried out at all levels and in all fields of intervention.
  • Capacity building of the members of the communal gender platforms and its integration in risk analysis and assessment as well as in the information and early warning systems.
  • Training and sensitization of model households (training of awareness-raising agents) is an essential prerequisite for changing mores and attitudes.
  • Showing by example is probably the most appropriate method for initiating a change in men's perception of the role and responsibilities of women at the household and community level in general.
  • Producing a booklet as a training guide for model households helps capitalize lessons learned and is a product that will serve as a vehicle for future scaling up.
  • Focus on qualitative and not just quantitative aspects in order to grasp the social and cultural mechanisms that impede the empowerment of women is key (not only the number of women involved in activities is important but the processes of change within the household or community).
Distribution of profit to families

The ADIO represents 110 families of the Ostional community. They are the main partners responsible for implementing the actions of habitat maintenance, collecting eggs according to plan management and conservation and packaging of eggs. Of the ADIO sales, 70% are distributed to members and 30% are reserved for local development such as construction of roads, bridges, health centers and school resources. The direct benefit that each family receives are: an endowment of eggs for consumption, an equitable distribution of family income, scholarships for students, aid to elderly and pregnant adults.

Ostional Development Association is a legal institution for engaging communities for collective benefit of the community. In this case the management and conservation of turtles is a model project developed by the community and for the community. The ADIO has partners and participates in assemblies of the people. It also has a Board of Directors who bears the burden of the project. They also form committees to monitor the actions of the management plan.

The participation of all people in the project is critical to creating the collective consciousness about sustainability. Jobs are evenly distributed: beach cleaning and habitat management mainly engage men; protection of turtle infants and release of turtles, mainly women. Surveillance by ADIO is done mostly by men; and supervision of tourists who observe the arrival, by youth. In this way, the contribution of the project to local community welfare and conservation is evident. When communities see a benefit for their families in the wildlife, they are able to organize themselves in order to protect those resources that provide that well-being.

Strengthening village institutions

Village level institutional mechanism is essential for the protection of indigenous community conserved areas. A key aspect of FES's interventions in the villages of Mandla was the constitution of the Natural Resource Management Committees or Prakratik Sansadhan Prabandhan Samitis (PSPS). The samitis, were elected by the Gram Sabhas (adult meetings) and had universal membership ensuring that every resident of the village, despite his/her social or economic standing had a say in the functioning of the Samiti. Advising the gram Sabha on natural resource management and spearheading the process of developing rules and regulations around commons is one of the duties of the committee along with planning for natural resources and land use.

The PSPS received training on decentralized governance, perspective building on commons and planning. Village institutions arrived at a set of rules on using natural resources. Primarily, these rules included boundary rules, protection rules for forests and usage rules to some extent. Basic focus has been on controlling lopping and logging of trees. At some places, they have also come up with rules regarding sharing of fish produced in village pond, etc. for forests and usage rules to some extent.

The Panchayati Raj Act, Panchayat Extension to Scheduled Areas, Joint Forest Management and the National Biodiversity Act provide a legal framework. Gram Sabha (a meeting of all adults in the Panchayat area) also provide an enabling framework for village level conservation institutions.

The issues of conservation and resource governance were discussed with men and women separately, building an understanding of degradation of natural resources within the PSPS and then in the Gram Sabha.

The strengthened village institutions actively manage and conserve over 500 hectares of forest in the project region by overseeing the sustainable use of natural resources. A comparison with a forest that is not managed by a community indicates that a community managed forest shows 60 per cent more regeneration, 37 per cent more plant density and a 40 per cent higher number of plant species.

Strengthening of village institutions leads to articulation of village’s priorities and ensures mainstreaming of resource management and conservation. Strong village institutions are able to plan for the landscape, addressing issues like forest fragmentation and treat entire forest fringes as one unit, irrespective of the pattern of ownership. An institution therefore is a better unit in order to improve adaptive capacities of the communities, as it can address the ‘issue’ for the entire community and not only for single families.

Expert elicitation workshop

The actual expert elicitation assessment is carried out during a workshop or series of workshops, attended by appointed marine experts in the field of marine environmental or socio-economic sciences. The experts collaborate and discuss the status and trends on the different parameters for the marine assessment and come to a consensus score. The scores are recorded during the workshop and entered into the SOME website. Notes are taken by a rapporteur on the discussion and the details of relevant reports, papers or other documents are recorded . The interaction and discussions during the workshop should allow the editorial board to identify potential authors to participate in the subsequent report-writing phase of the process.

A minimum of 20 experts, with at least 5 for each key discipline areas (fisheries and biology, physical sciences and socioeconomics).

A minimum of 3 full workshop days.

Internet access

The workshop allows

Creating a rooftop farmers network

A rooftop farmers network established with all participating community members/ households focused on creating a community of practice. As people are more likely to lose interest and get demotivated, creating a support system where beneficaries can exchange, share experiences, challenges, thoughts, and even dreams has proved to keep people motivated and also strengthen social ties between community members. 

A platform for regular exchanges that mobilizes the rooftop farmers

  • Regular exchanges focusing on different topics to spark the farmer's interests
  • visits could be integrated in these exchanges
  • ongoing communication, especially during extreme weather events is cruicial. A whatsapp group was initiated to keep participants in close communication with Hub Enablers, and to also share photos of unusual plant conditions
Social-business model approach

The project established two Rooftop Farming Hubs, a community-based social business model locally embedded to support a rooftop farming ecosystem and grow a community of practice in the field of urban agriculture. This is based on the study of different markets, produce, farming techniques, marketing plans, as well as a co-financing arrangements between the community and the RTF Hubs in the two targeted areas. The aim is not just educating and training the local residents of the targeted areas about RTF, but also creating a platform through which the residents can collaborate, exchange experiences, network, form support and learn how to sustain and expand their income generating urban agriculture projects. 

As a technical hub, beneficiaries are equipped with the necessary skills and tools to establish and maintain their rooftop farms sensitive to socio-economic conditions and provide on-going technical knowledge and assistance.

As a social hub, linkages between targeted beneficiaries are enhanced to exchange knowledge about RTF,  consolidate learning experiences, as well as support positive interaction and community cohesion

As an economic hub, access to local markets is facilitated through a market plan that aims to market through awareness raising on organic urban farming. 

Readiness of a local NGO or institution to host a RTF Hub as one of its core functions. The "Hub Enablers" have received extensive training on technical and practical rooftop farming skills, TOT, project management, marketing, feasibility, and awarness raising. They were then trained on the job through the recruitment of community beneficaries who joined the rooftop farmers network, the installation of their rooftop farms, support throughout the farming seasons, and support in market linkages. 

  • Remote monitoring should be applied through the implementation process to help address any issues arising with the growth of plants.
  • Creating incentive activities for the beneficiaries would give an advantage to the success of the project to encourage higher interaction from the beneficiaries’ side;
  • Nets should be installed to protect the crops from external attacks from birds and flying insects;
  • More focus on trouble shooting problems during cultivation should be made during trainings.
Upscaling of the model
AFC scaled up a model for communities to participate in protected area management developed with GIZ between 2013-2016 in the Hin Nam No NPA. AFC supported three civil society organizations to implement the model elsewhere, including through co-management training modules, national-level awareness raising, exchange visits to Hin Nam No, local capacity building and policy advocacy. There are now 21 officially approved village co-management agreements, covering 204,747 ha of village forests.
Previous experience of AFC in governance of protected areas enabled the development of the Hin Nam No model and the upscaling elsewhere. AFC is local based and works widespread in Laos which enabled the upscaling beyond the often short life span of a project.
Shared governance models take a long time to be developed and need continous support that often goes beyond the lifespan of a project. Therefore it is important for short-term projects to work from the start with local-based organisations to jointly develop models, implement them, and document the lessons learned. In this way the upscaling of so-called pilot projects of international organisations can be secured which is otherwise not possible within the lifespan of the project.
Community-based implementation of EbA measures
Adaptation measures were implemented via a multi-stakeholder process involving communities, government institutions and the project. This innovative mechanism for demand-driven and integrated planning and implementation of field measures was termed ‘Triangle of Cooperation’ (see graphic). The BKP project funded adaptation measures through local subsidy contracts (LSC) with the community, which had to form a village organisation registered with the Social Welfare Department, and open a bank account. To receive support, the community had to enter into an agreement (memorandum of understanding, MoU) with the concerned government department to specify their roles and responsibilities. While the community was responsible for the implementation of the adaptation measures, the involved government department provided training and oversight.
• Strengthening village-based organisations for appropriate involvement of women considering local norms / traditions • Formalizing cooperation between the community and the supporting institution (government, NGO, development project) • Practical demonstrations • Monitoring and evaluation involving the local communities • Capacity building of the community to ensure the successful completion of activities as well as to carryout out follow up activities beyond the project’s support
For further promotion of biodiversity conservation to support local communities in climate change adaptation, the different tools introduced by the project, such as training, workshops, exposure visits to promising communities and institutions, use of print and electronic media etc., have to be used continuously, taking into account local culture and norms. In general, the government allocates only a meagre amount of funds for the green sector. In cases, the budget allocated is more for the staff salaries than for the field level activities. Sufficient budgetary allocations to the green sector for biodiversity friendly adaptation measures should therefore be guaranteed by the government, to replicate the best adaptation measures on a needs-basis. For sustainability the responsible government agencies should support the local communities in future activities