Evaluación de la efectividad del manejo del Parque Nacional Zona Marina Archipiélago Espíritu Santo

 La evaluación de la efectividad se realizó mediante: (1) Diseño de un protocolo de monitoreo (2) Capacitación de los monitores (3) Selección de los sitios de monitoreo, similares entre si y representativos de las Zonas Nucleo y Zonas de Amortiguamiento; (4) Se establecío la linea base; (5) Analisis de los datos (6) Como una medida de manejo adaptativo se establecieronestrategias, como la inclusión de otros sitios, los arrecifes artificiales (7) Se comparó la información entre los sitios de muestreo (8) Se hicieron las recomendaciones, y dentro de los principales resultados que se obtuvieron a lo largo del periodo de monitoreo se mencionan los siguientes: 

 

1. Al prohibir la pesca en algunas áreas, el número y el tamaño de peces aumenta, resultando en una mayor depredación de invertebrados.

2. Se ha mantenido alta la biodiversidad de la zona

3. En las Zonas Nucleo son las áreas de reproducción y alimentación en donde se mantienen sus poblaciones

4. Una recomendación importante es mejorar la vigilancia local y difundir los resultados del monitoreo en el cual participan los pescadores y usuarios del parque, con la sociedad de la ciudad de La Paz, a fin de que se conozcan los resultados exitosos de un trabajo conjunto realizado por la academia, los pescadores, usuarios y personal del área.

La evaluación de la efectividad del manejo  del Parque Nacional utilizando indicadores biofisicos, es fundamental para establecer que tanto éxito se tiene en alcanzar resultados de conservación de los ecosistemas y su biodiversidad, es con esto como es pósible demostrar que se están alcanzado los objetivos para los que fue creado este Parque Nacional "albergando gran variedad de peces, aves y mamiferos marinos, habitat de fondos arenosos, arrecifes rocosos" conservados con integridad ecológica.

Las lecciones aprendidas son:

1. La mayoría de los peces e invertebrados marinos hacen uso de más de un tipo de hábitat a lo largo de su vida. Esto es relevante porque no siempre es posible proteger un área entera o una población con distribución amplia, y sí un área particular en donde los organismos pasan parte de su ciclo de vida.

2. Las tres zonas núcleo, San Gabriel, Los Islotes y Punta Lobos a La Bonanza, fueron identificadas como zonas de importancia para la pesca. Sin embargo, cada una tiene un objetivo distinto, por lo que es necesario preguntarse si están cumpliendo los objetivos para los que fueron creadas.

3. El monitoreo de indicadores biofisicos debe ser a largo plazo, a fin de contar con una serie de tiempo de los procesos biológicos, ecosistemicos y físicos 

4. La construcción de los indicadores biofisicos para establecer la efectividad de las acciones de manejo para la conservación de los valores naturales del área protegida, deben tener en cuenta la importancia de lineas base  

Promotion of income-generating activities and of improved stoves

The lack of fire and construction wood is a major challenge for the beneficiaries of the initiative. Therefore, we put into practice a holistic and inclusive approach:

  • Strengthening the beneficiaries’ capacities for setting up and managing a social community space, taking into account the necessary resources
  • The collection and processing of NTFPs from the restored plot, such as Neem seeds for oil production (income-generating activities)
  • Gender mainstreaming: construction of improved stoves that is carried out by two Trainers Coordinators: Woman/Man who supervises the activities, who will in turn train Relay Trainers in the target villages  in construction, awareness and means of popularization of improved stoves and aware of the problem of wood energy. TwoTypes of improved stoves were used: "foyers améliorés 3 pierres", "foyers améliorés Bill-Bill". They increased their source of income, reduced the use of firewoods.
  • While the recently planted trees and plants are still growing, 35 women have received training to build improved stoves using clay and straw which are raw materials found in nature (zero cost). This improves the living conditions of the population and reduces the pressure on the remaining natural resources. 
  • Effective participation of women
  • Availability of the raw material (clay and straw)

Two women form a neighbouring village (Doualaré), who themselves were trained by GIZ Wood-Energy Experts, trained the women of the project site regarding the construction and use of improved stoves. This kind of ‘farmer-to-farmer training’ empowers women and disseminates the techniques.

Development of specific techniques to protect and irrigate the plants

The community tested various techniques to fend off stray livestock following the planting period. These included protecting the area with a dead hedge made of thorny branches, with pink morning glory (Ipomea carnea) woven rods supported by poles and with iron wire from the carbonization of worn car wheels. These efforts were, however, without much success. In addition, following the long dry season and the low rainfall in the region in 2017, the community’s water source dried up and the plants withered. The idea of collecting water with empty cans at the community’s water borehole (~ 3 km) was not feasible due to the lack of financial resources.

However, another system through drip irrigation devices made of used bottles collected in the city was also used. Drip irrigation devices were attached to the foot of seedling. The water was then drawn from barrels and stored on site. This system permitted the seedlings to be watered three times a week allowing nearly 40% of the wilted plants to grow again. The construction of a permanent plant nursery with an onsite water borehole has been as well finalised.

  • Capacity building of the local facilitators in the ‘learning by doing’ method to develop restoration techniques allowed the production of 2600 plants in 2017
  • Ability to develop one-off actions that can be improved depending on the situation. 

  • Individual plant protection approach. e.g. use of a mat to protect the plants (see pictures)

  • Use of a drip irrigation system with reused water bottles
  • Promotion of the separate production of livestock fodder
  • Difficulty to access water, which is primordial for the growth of fruit trees that require irrigation during the long dry season. Of the 4022 seedlings planted, 2162 are alive and 1860 dead on eleven blocks containing eight fruit and forest species in August 2017
  • The benefits of constructing a village plant nursery with an onsite water borehole (permanent production of quality plants, livestock watering, human consumption and therefore reduction of waterborne diseases, which causes the high infant mortality rate in the community)
  • The possibility of dividing the plot into sub-plots of approximately 500 m2, which will be gradually restored (year 1, year n+1, year n+2, ..., year n+5), in order to make it more secure
Creating a dynamic dialogue among stakeholders

Through a dynamic multi-stakeholder dialogue process, the project provided a platform to resolve conflict among stakeholders and to re-invest in institutions.  It also helped stakeholders come together, build consensus and co-develop alternative solutions to the challenges they face.

Also, by organising the illegal loggers into groups, it was easier to work with them, including ensuring their support needs were being met. 

The project brought diverse stakeholders within the forest sector together to negotiate viable options for dealing with chainsaw milling, which had become synonymous with illegal logging.

By providing a pathway for the illegal loggers to engage in legitimate business operations, notably artisanal mining, it provided an alternative livelihood option and an incentive for them to participate, which had numerous positive impacts.

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Logbook training for fishers.

It was necessary to train the fishers who are part of the process in matters of sustainability and good fishing practices. In our case this focused on the introduction and implementation of fishing logbooks.

 

Presentations provided a first approach to sustainability issues. They gave examples of fisheries that are developed in a sustainable way worldwide and this proved to be well accepted. The transfer of information through videos or infographics turned out to have better reception than presentations made by experts.

 

The implementation of fishing logbooks first needed explanation and training on why and what is necessary. The logbooks were successfully explained as an accounting system, that, if well managed, can provide information to facilitate the work of the fishers, such as the early identification of fishing areas with low yields, bad fishing seasons, economic returns of the fleet, and more.

 

The implementation of fishing logbooks was carried out in three phases:
1. Exercises on land filling the logbooks with fictitious fishing operations;
2. Implementation of a pilot at sea, accompanied by a professional on board;
3. Implementation in the fleet with sporadic supervision of a professional on board to identify filling errors.

- It is crucial to carry out training processes in sustainability matters with the social group that heads the solution. This helps build trust in the benefits of the solution.

- Information delivery through graphic methods as videos and images were well received by fishers.

- To validate the logbooks, the association with a nationally recognized entity in fisheries research was crucial. In this case, the association was with the Fisheries Development Institute (IFOP).

For the implementation of logbooks, it was useful to designate a fisherman in charge of managing the supply of logbooks to the fleet, as well as receiving and processing the information. Ideally, this post should receive a compensation in order to make it viable over time. In this case, a fund composed of contributions from the fishermen's organization members, plus external funds managed through foundations was used for this purpose.

Partnership

2. Partnerships.

Bioversity International engages as a research partner and also provides nutrition education and sensitization on the value of the popped cereals. The private sector (supermarkets and other retail outlets) can be a source of market for the products. Bioversity International engages as a research partner and also provides nutrition education and sensitization on the value of the popped cereals. The private sector (supermarkets and other retail outlets) can be a source of market for the products.

  1. Nutrition education on the importance of dietary diversity and the nutrient content of these snacks
  2. Community sensitization on the rise in non-communicable diseases and how it relates to the foods and snacks they consume 
  3. Government support through price subsidies on raw materials
  4. Community support through acceptance, purchase, consumption of and feedback on the snacks

Participatory intervention is a sure bet for successful implementation.The community should be engaged from the on-set for them to own the process and outcomes

Machinery
  1. The knowlwedge and skills to manage the intervention require continuous training and monitoring for successful implementation
  2. The puffing machine and technical support is provided by  our private sector partner DK Engineering
  1. Nutrition education on the importance of dietary diversity and the nutrient content of these snacks
  2. Sensitization of the community on the rise in non-communicable diseases and how it relates to the foods and snacks they consume 
  3. Government support through price subsidies on raw materials
  4. Community support through acceptance, purchase, consumption of and feedback on the snacks
  1. Evaluation and follow up are an important aspect of any project
  2. An intervention is well received if its implementation is preceded by education and training
Communicating the Park climate change strategy to stakeholders

The purpose of this block is to raise the awareness of the climate change strategy on a large scale through communication by means adapted especially to the realities of the park area. The media to use depends on the level of intervention. For example, community radio and posters can be used to educate local people; online platforms are useful for a wide audience at the national and international level; and brochures are useful for visitors etc.

Appropriate communication strategies for example taking into account the literacy levels, linguistic knowledge and other socio-cultural factors.

  1. Communicating the climate change strategy ensures that stakeholders are aware of the climate change aspects and that their interest is generated and their commitment is secured to participate in the implementation and respect of the strategy and GMP as a Park Management tool.
  2. Communicating the climate change strategy will enable stakeholders to provide feedback, via mornitoring and evaluation, on the effective of the strategy in delivering the intended resilience objectives.
Development of a park climate change strategy

Following the climate change and vulnerability assessment, and review of the GMP to include climate change aspects, a consultant framed draft climate change adaptation objectives and strategies which when implemented would lead to improved park resilience to climate change.

 

A stakeholder workshop was held in September 2017 in Mpanda to validate and augment the draft climate change adaptation objectives and strategies. The workshop was attended by park managers from Katavi National Park, conservationists from Lwafi Game Reserve, Mpanda District Couuncil officials and representatives from NGOs operating in the Rukwa-Katavi Landscape. Inputs provided by stakeholders was used to further develop the adaptation objectives and strategies into a park climate change strategy which details the strategy's goal and objectives, adaptation strategies as well as implementation and monitoring plans. The latter describes a list of key indicators and parameters for monitoring changes in vulnerability and resilience.

 

Another workshop was held in October 2017 in Sumbawanga to validate the climate change strategy. The workshop was attended by the same group of stakeholder who participated in the other workshop. The final park climate change strategy was to be integrated into & annexed to the GMP.

  1. Participation of stakeholders with knowledge on climate change variability and change and biodiversity
  2. Facilitation by a climate change and natural resource expert
  3. Access to updated climate (and biodiversity) information
  1. Stakeholder participation is key to designing appropriate adaptation measures with the potential of improving resilience to climate change. Thus, stakeholders, including communities adjacent to protected areas, should be involved in the identification and validation of climate change adaptation and mitigation measures.
  2. The identification of relevant adaptation and mitigation measures requires that the process if facilitated by a qualified climate change expert with a good understand of the regional, national and local context.
  3. The availability of up to date baseline data, both scientific and indigenous, on climate change aspects informs the designing of relevant adaptation measures
Assessment of climate change vulnerability and land use

The purpose of this block is to assess biodiversity vulnerability to climatic and non-climatic stressors (e.g. land use changes). Assessment is a prerequisite for any action to measure the conservation status of biodiversity and the resilience to climate change. These evaluations also help to better guide the identification of appropriate climate change adaptation interventions.

 

The assessment of climate change vulnerability and land use was done by touring the park and through desk review. While site visits aimed at obtaining crucial information through observation, desk review was conducted to augment field information. The assessment was led by experts accompanied by park managers, district natural resource experts and elders from the adjacent village who have a better understanding of the park and surrounding areas.

  1. Inventory of traditional knowledge on biodiversity and weather / climate change.
  2. Availability and access to scientific baseline data on biodiversity and climate change.
  3. Ability to visualize past, present and future status of biodiversity in the context of climatic and non-climatic stressors

Reviewing existing data on climate change is critical to understanding the past and future trends of climate change at the regional and national level.

 

Site visits in and around the park helps to provide information on the ground status of land uses and biodiversity / ecosystems. Specifically, direct observation provides information on the threats and challenges facing biodiversity and also on the visible signs of climate induced droughts, floods, etc.

 

Local communities, particularly villagers who have lived longer near / around the Natioanl Park have a better understanding of local changes on climate and biodiversity. As such capturing this information for validating and complementing global and regional data and developing a vision with communities is critical to designing appropriate adaptation strategies.