Public - private partnership (PPP)

A Public-Private Partnership (PPP) is critical to the success of blended finance mechanisms such as the debt-swap and the sovereign blue bond. The SeyCCAT Board includes representatives from government, private sector and civil society.

Private engagement in such a partnership is mandatory for attracting private capital investors, who will not be able to fund solely public institutions, due to internal donor policies. 

 

  • The private sector provides the capital
  • Risk reduction mechanism through partial guarantees.
  • Public debt can be leveraged. 
  • It requires the understanding of the factors that are important to all parties, to ensure that the agreement that is reached, satisfies all parties' concerns. 
Private sector involvement

In the past, sea-turtle used to use many different beaches in Con Dao islands for breeding. However, due to the pressure from economic development, they had to retreat to few beaches inside the national park. When Con Dao Resort Co., Ltd. (Six Senses) started it business, Dat Doc was one of the left-over beaches. With new business model, the beach is well protected and regularly cleaned by the company's employees. After few years, in early 2018, sea-turtle started comeback Dat Doc for laying eggs. Fully aware the importance of sea-turtle conservation, the directors approached park managers, and with an agreement from Ba Ria-Vung Tau PPC, a collaborative project was initiated which aims to restore and conserve sea-turtle breeding grounds in Dat Doc beach.

 

After 3 years of implementation, the company has have invested c. USD 38,000 in following activities: an awareness programme, improve breeding sea turtle breeding habitats, setup a hatching pond 50m² with fence and CCTV system, and regular joined patrols by park rangers and company staff (1,044 working days, relocating 10 nests, 678 eggs, and releasing 464 baby turtles). The company continues to commit c. USD 70,000 for this programme in next 5 years.

- New public and private sector awareness toward biodiversity conservation

- New state policies on socialization biodiversity conservation

- A responsive cooporate that ready to invest in biodiversity conservation

With an new environmental-friendly attitute from business sector, this project is the first effort of sea turtle conservation in Vietnam which have the participation of a tourism business. This is a good example for demonstrating the role of private sector in socializing the investment for conservation work. The success of this project brought mutual benefits for both protected area and the company, where the well-conserved habitats for turtle also providing key tourism products that attract more visitors using the company's services.

IUCN Sea turtle Volunteer Programme

Since 2014, IUCN has initiated the sea turtle conservation volunteer programme in partnership with Con Dao National Park, Hon Cau Marine Protected Area and Nui Chua National Park. 

 

The programme has been gathering lots of interest from people who come from all fields of work. For 7 years, IUCN has received almost 10,000 applicants and only be able to select less than 5% of these due to the special requirements of the selected sites and specific field activities. The programme received positive results and feedback from volunteers.

 

To date, 24 courses were organized in Con Dao that participated by 314 volunteers. The volunteers had contributed more than 3,000 person-days to support translocating almost 2,300 nests of 300,000 turtle eggs, released more than 110,000 baby turtles to the sea. They also work with park rangers to prepare breeding grounds, repaired hatcheries, patrolling and clean the beaches.

 

Not only supplementing the human resource for conservation action, the volunteers programme has help raising public awareness on sea turtle as well as marine life conservation as a whole. There were hundred media stories prepared by the volunteers in last 6 years that help changing public attitude on sea-turtle conservation.

New public attitude toward biodiversity conservation

New wave of volutarism in Vietnam since beginning of 2000s

Protected Area policies are now more open to receive the supports from a wider range of actors

Volunteer participation is one of the important factors contributing to the success of the Con Dao Sea Turtle Program.

 

Appear in Vietnam from early 2000s, volunteer activities quickly became movements that attracted a large number of youth participation. Most of these activities focus on charity, rescue, and relief programs, etc. With a good orientation, volunteers can participate and make meaningful contributions to biodiversity conservation. This is an effective channel to mobilize both resources and advocacy for conservation.

Successful conservation of sea-turtles in Con Dao National Park

The sea-turtle conservation programme was started in Con Dao since mid-1980s. In more than 30 years of implementation, Con Dao national park now has a comprehensive programme of different activities that includes:

  • Breeding ground surveys and monitoring
  • Law enforcement: protection/patrolling
  • Support breeding activities: remove eggs to the hatcheries (support incubation), releasing baby turtles to the sea
  • Communication and education programme for different target groups, including local schools and fishermen, and visitors

By 2020, outcomes of this programme include:

  • Identify and protect 17 breading grounds (beaches) in the islands
  • In 2020, c. 750 mother turtles were recorded breeding from January to November (mostly from May to October).
  • 2,395 hatches (227,858 eggs) were removed to the hatcheries, 2,195 hatches were hatched, 171,949 baby turtles were released to the sea. (197 hatches with 17,139 eggs are still incubation at the time of documentation).
  • Communication campaigns were organized with army, police, district offices, schools, fisher communities, and visitors.
  • Collaborate with private sector (Six Senses) to establish a new breeding ground and hatchery in Dat Doc beach.
  • Collaborate with IUCN to conduct 4 courses for volunteers to support sea-turtle conservation in Con Dao.

- Determination of the National Park management board and related agencies of Ba Ria-Vung Tau.

- Support from international conservation communities.

- Support from public.

- Sustainable financing from diverse sources.

The success of the Con Dao sea turtle conservation programme comes from a combination of efforts from the park management, international support, public interest and involvement. In particular, private sector participation is one of the key factors that will help shape in the future an important additional resource for conservation efforts (see BB 3).

Capacity Development activities

The reproductive platforms include programmed natural mating plans, Artificial Inseminations, services for pregnancy diagnosis to improve management, estrus synchronization and sires’ certification and the supporting CapDev activities targeting technical staff and farmers, members of the Community Based Breeding Programs’. 

  • Participation of farmers in the trainings
  • Continuous funding by local institutions
  • Identification of gaps in knowledge
  • Continuous engagement by federal and regional actors

The knowledge acquired to support reproductive platforms in support of the breeding programs in low-input systems is composed of modules which can be easily replicated through capacity development and technical fine-tuning. Capacity development of Ethiopian researchers and extension staff must continue to the expansion of Community Based Breeding Program’s and the orientation at the government level to adopt this approach for the genetic improvement of the indigenous sheep and goat breeds. Identifying gaps in the current state of knowledge encourages new investments in research and potential for further replication.

Crop modelling

Crop modelling to simulate yield gain of lentil has further helped to manipulate planting date and lentil phenology in the target region.

  • Seed hub for informal seed production as a sustainable way to tackle local development of lentil production
  • Regular and close monitoring by creating farmer groups 
  • Strong support and increased seed availability was achieved by strengthening informal and formal seed systems
  • Digitization through remote base sensing and real time mapping

Knowledge of environment and genotype × environment interactions are important to develop stable biofortified cultivars or to design location-specific breeding in any biofortification program. In lentils, accumulation of Fe, and Zn in the seeds varies with the weather, location, and soil conditions such as nutrient hungry soil, high pH, temperature, precipitation, and soil organic matter. Multilocation testing of varieties/advanced lines of lentil in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Nepal, and Syria showed significant genotype × environment (G × E) interaction for Fe and Zn. It has been observed that Fe concentration is more sensitive to environmental fluctuations compared to seed Zn concentration. Our study also suggested that high iron and zinc can be combined in short duration varieties without compromising the grain yield.

Wide-scale demonstration in farmers’ fields

By trainings the 9202 farmers covering 3253 ha area in 460 villages, they learnt how to cultivate biofortified lentils and improved practices compared to local cultivar and technologies. To accelerate large-scale adoption of the new lentil varieties, and adaptation to successful new approaches, ICARDA 's participatory research for development was carried out with inclusion of farmer organizations.

  • Participatory research-for-development carried out with the inclusion of farmer organizations and women help groups.
  • Involvement and interest by farmers
  • Development of technical capacities 
  • Improved nutrition and health of farmers 
  • Wide-scale demonstrations 
  • Crop modelling 
  • Seeing higher yields and results encourages participation by farmers

 

Large scale feeding trials are required to assess the impact of biofortified lentils on health along with studies related to the bioavailability of iron and zinc.

Peer Training

We recognized the need to build leadership for effective MPA management from within, and ownership and leadership of the approaches co-developed.

 

We convened a group of 18 regional and global experts to train the most engaged MPA practitioners across 3 nations as peer trainers in evidence-based (adaptive) management. The expert team first broke down adaptive management into 3 core components: marine monitoring, data summarization and management, and strategic decision making. We then invited applications from MPA staff and engaged community members in 3 national MPA systems (Kenya, Tanzania, and Seychelles) to become peer trainers in one of the areas, as we recognized that no one staff could likely train in all three.

 

We received 60 applications and invited 30 MPA members to participate in the peer trainer training in Seychelles in August 2019.  We developed a 5-day training course. We did 2-days of joint sessions, then each group had 3-days in their individual core areas. The final day was testing in the core concepts.  Of the 30 practitioners who participated, 11 passed as peer trainers or assistant peer trainers.

 

These peer trainers are now working in their respective nations to continue improving MPA management.

Existing leaders in the approaches through past in-country training events willing to become peer trainers.

 

Willingness of experts to volunteer their time to develop and lead the training.

 

 

Building ownership and leadership is key.

 

5-days probably not enough time for a peer trainer course - ideally, there would be three 5-day courses with time to practice skills in between, but this requires more funding than was available.

MARKET ORIENTATED

The core differentiator of MEET ecotourism products is that they are based in and feature Mediterranean protected areas. This is integrated with local communities and local service providers, thereby creating a unique niche-market product in the Mediterranean that supports conservation. Building off what differentiates its products to others on the market, MEET is building a strong brand with embedded market value  for both inbound and outbound tour operators, as well as, destination management organisations.

The MEET Network is currently working to develop an online training on the marketing and commercialisation component of the MEET approach, so interested stakeholders across the Mediterranean can adopt it´s methodology. In the meantime, the MEET Manual contains information on this element. 

  • Perspective of the private sector stakeholders has to be included from the beginning in all the steps of development;

  • Define clear business plans post project, including promotion and sales.

MAREA: a tool for the evaluation of marine reserves

MAREA (MArine Reserve Evaluation App) is an innovative open source web-based technology tool that automates analyses to evaluate the effectiveness of marine reserves, which must be evaluated over time. This tool uses as reference a framework with biophysical, socioeconomic and governance indicators. It also selects some indicators by default according to the objectives set during the establishment of the marine reserve or protected area, but the user can also customize the list of indicators that are of interest. For the analysis, the user must provide 1) biological, 2) socioeconomic and 3) governance data, as well as select the community, reserve and target species within the MAREA database. This will yield an overall evaluation of the reserve and an overall assessment for each of the indicators. The results will provide useful information to know the status of the marine reserves and contribute to decision making.

  1. The evaluation criteria should be aligned with the main objectives of marine reserves or protected areas.
  2. The evaluation framework should be based not only on ecological dimensions, but also on socioeconomic and governance dimensions.
  3. To promote the involvement of users in the management of marine reserves, accessible technological tools are required for their evaluation, using standardized processes.
  1. Having an automated and standardized guide and application facilitates the evaluation process of marine reserves (or protected areas) by the fishing sector and managers.
  2. In Mexico, the number of marine reserves has grown recently due to regulations that allow fishermen and fisherwomen to obtain legal recognition of certain areas (e.g., fishing refuge zones), as well as the interest of the fishing sector in conserving biodiversity and achieving sustainable fisheries. These regulations and the implementation of marine reserves are generally not accompanied by standardized guidelines for evaluating the performance of these tools.
  3. Consider the limited access to technological tools (computers) and the internet in remote communities and adapt implementation strategies, including offline versions.