The Water Requirement Tool

The Water Requirement Tool calculates the water requirement for a variety of crops and livestock according to geographic and climatic parameters, supporting advisors and farmers in assessing the amount of water necessary for the irrigation system. This prevents excessive pumping as well as insufficient irrigation.

Local data on crop water needs, monthly precipitation, surface water bodies and ground water aquifer systems, on water licensing and abstraction rights, and water source flow rates; resources provided (for example, by the FAO).

Excessive pumping can lead to groundwater depletion. This means that groundwater is extracted at a rate faster than it can be replenished. Aquifer depletion can lead to loss of ecosystems and wetlands, increased greenhouse gas emissions, land subsidence and social conflicts with other water users. Any SPIS development must therefore be integrated into the prevailing legal and regulatory frameworks and into the local water/groundwater management planning and monitoring. 

The Market Assessment Tool

The Market Assessment Tool considers basic geophysical parameters and provides guidelines and weights to evaluate parameters that inform an enabling business environment for SPIS. The Market Assessment Tool aims to provide information conducting market potential assessments for solar powered irrigation systems within a country or region. It provides parameters for consideration that may be applied by varying stakeholders (including private SPIS companies, policy-makers, financial institutions and development practitioners) in assessing the market potential of SPIS. Parameters used to assess the market potential include geophysical parameters such as solar irradiation, precipitation, land cover and use, and business environment parameters (such as Government Interventions, Development Organization Interventions, Financing, Availability and Cost of Alternative Fuels, Technical Capacity, Awareness of Solar PV Technology, Significance of Agriculture in the Local Economy, Land Access and Tenure, Transport and Communication Infrastructure).  

Accurate data on precipitation, land cover and use, and solar irradiation; ground truthing  

Identification of target markets for SPIS involves the evaluation of numerous parameters. These may include various geo-physical and business environment parameters. For stakeholders who do not have a set target market in mind or who merely want a high-level overview of potential areas where systems could be set up or utilized, this could prove to be a daunting and time-consuming task.

 

In assessing market potential for SPIS, stakeholders need to assess the irrigation viability of their target location from a land cover-land use perspective. It is always important to follow up desktop analysis of landcover with actual on the ground visits to the selected areas. 

 

Set up of solar panels in regions of low solar radiation could lead to high set up costs resulting from the use of a greater number of panels. Because of technological advances, solar irradiation is more of an economic consideration than a question of technical feasibility. 

The Payback Tool

The Payback Tool allows for a comparative assessment between income and three different irrigation pumping options. Information required for using this tool includes investment and operational costs for the different pumping systems, anticipated income from agricultural production, and basic economic conditions (e.g. inflation rate). Even when the profitability of the farming enterprise is confirmed, however, this does not automatically imply that an investment into an SPIS is the most sensible choice. This is especially true if other pumping technologies are readily available on the market. A Diesel or Grid-connected eletric pump might be more feasible where water pumping is only required for a limited time per year. The INVEST – Payback Tool considers and compares solar powered irrigation systems with other pumping technologies. Basic data is collected from technology suppliers and the payback period against the farm profit and the different technologies is automatically calculated. 

Availability of data on the project/SPIS functional lifetime, capital expenditures / initial capital investment for solar and alternative options, market prices, operating and maintenance costs, macroeconomic variables, tax policies; further advice of financial experts 

All calculations need to be based on prices which can be determined but also on estimates and assumptions. They will have to consider the current situation and future scenarios and should compare options for alternative pumping systems (electric, diesel). Different scenarios should be elaborated before taking a decision. 

The Pump Sizing Tool

The Pump Sizing Tool allows for the calculation of the pumping head, the required solar PV module capacity, and selects suitable pump technologies. The DESIGN – Pump Sizing Tool  helps design the irrigation system so as to ensure that as little pressure as possible is lost in the system. In addition, it serves as a checklist to identify pressure losses, e.g. due to leaks in an existing system. 

Technical support of farmers during the planning phase; data on the daily crop water requirement, mean daily global solar radiation for the design month, country-specific costs of PV panel & pump; availability of financing options 

Proper sizing of the components of an SPIS is critical, since an SPIS with insufficient capacity will not satisfy the farmers’ needs and an over dimensioned system will induce unnecessary operation and capital costs. Negligence of the sustainable water yield of water sources may result in water shortage and a depletion of water resources, thus having negative impacts on the farm budget and the environment. It is therefore very important to be in close contact with the farmer during the planning phase and to inform him about the advantages and limits of SPIS. 

 

The final design of the PV pump and irrigation system should be left to experienced system integrators who use computer-based system sizing and simulation tools such as COMPASS, WinCAPS and PVSYST, HydroCALC, GESTAR.  

Awareness raising and knowledge exchange activities

Awareness raising activities and information campaigns around the legal regulations in place, and around the management measures agreed upon by mutual agreement, are regularly carried out among the population. These enhance the acceptance of the maritime surveillance activities by the population, as well as a good understanding of the different conservation measures taken and their evolving impacts on the biodiversity of the PNBA. The activities include raising awareness about the fisheries regulations in force and their evolution with respect to biological halt periods, raising environmental awareness in general, but also sharing the results of fisheries monitoring (fishing effort, catches, infractions recorded, etc.).

Awareness raising and knowledge exchange activities are taking place in an enabling communication environment, as a result of the shared governance mechanism and the ongoing exchange and collaboration between the Imraguen and the park administration.

A regular exchange of ecosystem knowledge and fish catch information between scientists and fishermen has shown to enhance the overall functioning of the participatory maritime surveillance system.

Supporting related economic activities and alternative incomes

In order to enhance the participatory surveillance system, but also to preserve ancestral local know-how and the maritime heritage, the PNBA has set up a community shipyard of R'Gueiba. This shipyard is devoted to the renovation and construction of Imraguen boats. It is managed by the local carpenters' cooperative “El Ittihad”, which brings together 8 Imraguen trained by the PNBA with the help of Breton French naval carpenters. Women are in charge of the pruning and maintenance of the sails. In addition, ecotourism activities are carried out – mainly by women – with the aim of offering alternative income-generating activities, and hence reduce anthropic pressures on the fishing resources.

The ongoing alternative income generating activities is facilitated by the shared governance system established within the PNBA, which has laid the foundations for regular meetings between the park managers and the population. During these meetings, the resources and needs of the Imraguen can be mapped.

While the development of ecotourism has the potential to promote employment and generate alternative income sources within the Imraguen community, and hence help reduce the pressure on fishing resources, more research is necessary to assess the current impacts of the activity.

Shared governance

The participatory maritime surveillance system of the PNBA is the result of a tripartite partnership, which integrates the resident Imraguen population, alongside the park managers and the coast guards (GCM). This system aims to control the entry of boats from outside the PNBA, particularly for motorized pirogues, which have been prohibited within the park since its creation in 1976.The respect of the fishing seasons calendar is today considered a successful model in the West African sub-region. The experience of the PNBA has benefited the Regional Network of Marine Protected Areas in West Africa (RAMPAO), notably through technical support missions and exchange visits. The functioning of the PNBA's participatory surveillance mechanism has as a central feature the representativeness of three entities on board each surveillance vessel: a PNBA agent, a GCM agent, and a representative of the Imraguen population. It has so far contributed to the reduction of illegal exploitation of resources, through the application of management rules agreed upon jointly with the resident population

All sectors are represented at committee meetings: fishermen, fish merchants, women processors, and boat carpenters. In addition, on board the surveillance boats patrolling the waters of the park, a representative of each of the three parties of the in the maritime surveillance is present: a PNBA officer, a coast guard officer, and a representative of the local population (designated by the population itself).

The presence of these three representatives on board each surveillance vessel has proven to be facilitating interventions, reducing the potential risks of corruption by fishermen who are boarded in the event of an infraction.

Peer Training

We recognized the need to build leadership for effective MPA management from within, and ownership and leadership of the approaches co-developed.

 

We convened a group of 18 regional and global experts to train the most engaged MPA practitioners across 3 nations as peer trainers in evidence-based (adaptive) management. The expert team first broke down adaptive management into 3 core components: marine monitoring, data summarization and management, and strategic decision making. We then invited applications from MPA staff and engaged community members in 3 national MPA systems (Kenya, Tanzania, and Seychelles) to become peer trainers in one of the areas, as we recognized that no one staff could likely train in all three.

 

We received 60 applications and invited 30 MPA members to participate in the peer trainer training in Seychelles in August 2019.  We developed a 5-day training course. We did 2-days of joint sessions, then each group had 3-days in their individual core areas. The final day was testing in the core concepts.  Of the 30 practitioners who participated, 11 passed as peer trainers or assistant peer trainers.

 

These peer trainers are now working in their respective nations to continue improving MPA management.

Existing leaders in the approaches through past in-country training events willing to become peer trainers.

 

Willingness of experts to volunteer their time to develop and lead the training.

 

 

Building ownership and leadership is key.

 

5-days probably not enough time for a peer trainer course - ideally, there would be three 5-day courses with time to practice skills in between, but this requires more funding than was available.

Knowledge of biological needs of the species

Without an understanding of the biological processes under threat, it would have been impossible to design solutions. For instance, knowledge of the need for dune structures and the importance of native flora as stabilising agents, or salinity impacts on eggs, seasonality of nesting, etc. were crucial in designing the stepwise approach.

Over two decades of experience working with the species, and also a decade of experience working with industry partners and understanding their limitaitons, drivers, operational constraints and in-house environmental policies were important in being able to develop the solution.

Industry already had a tentative plan. The plan did not take into account the biology of the impacted species. By tweaking the plan to ensure there were minimal cost diffferences, and practical, implementable ground operations, the solution met budget considerations while providing a solution tat was acceptable to the regulator and to the sea turtles.

MARKET ORIENTATED

The core differentiator of MEET ecotourism products is that they are based in and feature Mediterranean protected areas. This is integrated with local communities and local service providers, thereby creating a unique niche-market product in the Mediterranean that supports conservation. Building off what differentiates its products to others on the market, MEET is building a strong brand with embedded market value  for both inbound and outbound tour operators, as well as, destination management organisations.

The MEET Network is currently working to develop an online training on the marketing and commercialisation component of the MEET approach, so interested stakeholders across the Mediterranean can adopt it´s methodology. In the meantime, the MEET Manual contains information on this element. 

  • Perspective of the private sector stakeholders has to be included from the beginning in all the steps of development;

  • Define clear business plans post project, including promotion and sales.