Financial incentives

The Department of Water and Forests manages forest resources through its decentralized structures, which are responsible for monitoring and applying reforestation and silviculture techniques. The regeneration of native species, in particular Cedrus Atlantica, is one of the most difficult tasks to achieve. The prohibition of grazing on plots of land designated as "closed" is a technique applied to ensure the success of cedar regeneration, but it is difficult to get herders to respect it without mobilizing funds to compensate them for the closed areas.

However, it was essential to organize the farmers into associations, and to provide them with guidance and raise their awareness, so that they could adopt the concept of compensation and develop it in the long term. This is what the Ifrane National Park has done, and continues to do as one of its main missions.

The Department of Water and Forests has been a legally recognized government body since 1913, operating within the framework of regulations established by the country in consultation with the beneficiaries. It receives funds and has the flexibility to establish agreements that frame development projects in partnership with stakeholders, civil society, cooperatives and associations......

-Repression alone should not be relied upon to limit infringements of natural resource laws.

Involving rights-holders and stakeholders in debates on natural resource management helps to identify optimal solutions and make the right decisions.

-At first, herders found it difficult to organize themselves into associations, and they also tended to share the compensation they received and consume it directly. But with the assistance and guidance of Ifrane National Park, the compensation received is being invested in infrastructure, equipment and the purchase of cattle feed. Increasingly, the focus has shifted to the design of integrated development projects aimed at improving the incomes of those entitled to them, and restoring and conserving fragile ecosystems, including the endangered Atlas Cedar.

Eco-tourism as a Tool for Conservation

Eco-tourism can be an effective tool for generating income for conservation and rasing the profile of conservation programmes in protected areas. Developing eco-tourism attractions such as hiking trails and interpretive programmes in protected areas allows people to access places which would be otherwise inaccessible. It allows people a chance to appreciate the environment and become supporters of conservation. It also provides conservation programmes with a new source of sustainable funding.

Facilities for eco-tourism ventures, such as trails and interpretive signage or tours.

National or local strategies for eco-tourism promotion and assistance.

Active participation from protected area managers to support eco-tourism in their parks.

 

Close working relationships between protected areas managers and local or national tourism authorities is important to ensure eco-tourism activities are appropriate, ethical and safe.

 

 

Ecosystem Approach to Protected Area Management

Taking an ecosystem approach when managing protected areas is crucial. The cloud forest on St Helena is a threatened habitat that supports numerous endemic species of plants, animals and fungi. Rather than working at a species level, it is important to consider habitats as functioning ecosystems, to manage them holistically, and to integrate the management of land, water and living resources.

Good knowledge of all aspects of the ecosystem, including land, water and living resources.

Adopting a protected area management plan that integrates all aspects of the ecosystem.

Political will to carry out an ecosystem approach for protected area management.

 

Managers of protected areas may be reluctant to adopt an ecosystem approach if they feel that they don't have a good understanding of all aspects of an ecosystem. In these cases it may be more useful to adopt the principle of ecosystem approach with a view to working towards it over time.

 

 

Monitoring nature mixing people and cultures.

One of the most important recipe for the success of the deer census is that each couple of operators has to be composed of people from different categories: beginners with experts, hunters with animal activists, rangers with students, people from different regions, etc. 

Every night the couples composition is different, so all the participants have the opportunity to meet different people and different areas of the National Park. 

Also the social and scientific events are organized to emphasize the occasions of experience exchange between all different kinds of participants. 

 

The entire organization is focused on mixing participants of different categories as an important rule for the succes of the project. 

The registration and logistics organization software created and managed by the Park agency do not allow the participants to express rigid preferences on accomodation and on pairing with specific persons during the official activities.

All participants are being informed why these rules are so important.

 

 

 

Combining people of different categories is an important rule for this monitoring activity, mainly for three reasons:

  1. operators of the same category could have an interest in altering the data on the censed number of deer: if hunters declare more deer they could be called to reduce that number; for the same reason animal activists could have the interest in declaring a reduced number.
  2. in the past, it happened that couples of operators of the same category (expecially hunters, that are obliged to partecipate to have the hunting permission) decided to rest in the forest instead of counting deer in a proper way. Mixed couples are controlling each others.
  3. mixed couples are the best opportunity to exchange experiences and to break down cultural barriers.
Customized Capacity Building Program

Under IUCN India's LfN program, a corporate is provided with customized and targeted sessions for enhanced learning on globally accepted tools and research. This helps corporates in building their capacities and catalyze organization's transition into sustainable business practices.

  • Understanding the audience, company's operations and agreeing with the senior management on the customized capacity building program ensures that key personnel in their operations have an enhanced understanding and appreciation for incorporating natural capital into business operations;
  • In addition to company specific sessions, the annual event (masterclass) provides peer-to-peer learning platform from the industry's best practices to the wider communities;
  • There is a need to design, develop and implement sector specific tools and modules to be able to meet expectation of the companies.
  • The nature of the capacity building sessions should enable the staff to set realistic short-term and long-term goals.
  • Peer-to-peer learning not just from within the region but from global experts should be augmented. 
Commitment towards Natural Capital

Under IUCN India's Leaders for Nature program, it is important to ensure that adequate due diligence is conducted for all potential members; in order to understand the corporate’s perspective and commitment towards natural capital. 

 

  • A due-dilligence process of Risk Opportunity Matrix (RoM) is carried out via information available on the internet, and sustainability and audit reports of corporates. This enables IUCN to evaluate opportunities and risks in partnering with companies.
  • The level of commitment from senior management of the companies on issues related to biodiversity conservation and natural capital, among others, is reflected via resource allocation (both human and financial). 

Commitment from senior management ensures that policy related to natural capital is incorporated in the business operations and is included in the vision of the company. Lack of such leadership and vision would lead to reduced capacities of personal and willingness to address these issues. 

Promote the CCCA model to engage communities in conservation and to develop sustainable livelihoods

The demonstration of the CCCA model in pilot communities could show the Myanmar government what impact can be made if communities are involved in conservation actions and if benefits are provided for these actions. Supported by CEPF, GEI and four local NGO partners expanded the project communities to 27, conserving two more critical ecosystems: Inle Lake and Moeyingyi Wetlands. The total area conserved by the communities increased to almost 17,000 hectares. There was also an increase in participating households, from 4,565 to 21,615 people.

Good relationships with diverse stakeholders, such as central and local governments, local communities and local NGOs enabled the success of this building block.

The projects showed positive engagement with communities. Even though some communities lacked motivation and there were difficulties in communicating with them, the implementing NGOs exerted much effort to discuss projects with local people and to show that they respected community needs and willingness. However, the projects have had less success in engaging government agencies and companies. As important stakeholders, they were not identified through the initial stakeholder analysis process and did not share the same level of understanding of the CCCA projects with NGOs and communities. Their engagement and participation need to be considered in future projects.

Enhancing local NGO capacity in implementing an innovative conservation model

The CCCA model is still new in Myanmar and it is important to help local NGOs to understand and accept that conservation needs local community participation, and that they need to receive benefits from conservation actions. GEI conducted two trainings focusing on the CCCA model and its implementation and invited international experts who had extensive experience in community-based conservation, to share knowledge and experience. GEI also supported a local NGO for on-site implementation, providing consultation and connection to different donors.

Local NGO trust and support and their willingness to accept CCCA model are key factors for success.

The effectiveness of the trainings and building feedback/communication mechanisms are critical. Even though the local partner NGOs have already done a very good job of implementing \ projects and creating positive outcomes, some key factors of the CCCA model, such as penalty and data collection, were still missing in the projects. More effective training sessions and more comprehensive communication mechanisms between GEI and local NGOs could help improve it.

Local Commitment and Participation

Van Long NR was created at the request of the local communities themselves, and they have maintained a strong commitment in their participation of protecting and maintaining ecological and cultural values of Van Long.

This is considered as a unique community-based management model in Vietnam. Given that the Van Long is different to other protected areas in the remoter reaches of Vietnam’s rural hinterland, Van Long is in the heartland of the kinh majority Vietnamese, in a highly human dominated landscape, on the very outskirts of  the Hanoi capital. 

The management board of Van Long maintains strong relationships with stakeholder groups, and continually discuss and exchange in regular meetings to assess the good governance of the wetland.

Effectiveness in Conserving Biodiversity

Although Van Long NR is small compared to other Protected Areas in Vietnam, the core area of biodiversity conservation in Van Long is proving very effective in conserving biodiversity.

Van Long NR maintains to be the biggest inland wetland in the Northern Plain. The Nature Reserve is also the place with the biggest community of of Delacour langur, at present about 150-160 individuals, a very big increase (238%) compared to the number recorded at the time of its establishment, which was 60-67individuals. Delacour langur population is reproducing well. Beside that, water birds are increasing in numbers made Van Long became a interesting bird watching site. In addition, as a result of good management and protection of the limestone ecosystem and karst landscape, the limestone forests has rapidly recovered, contributing to the increased forest cover up to 30%. The Nature Reserve also performs good protection of the biggest inland wetland in the Northen Plain, which contributes to the preservation of valuable genetic sourcesfor aquatic species.

Since its establishment in 2001, Van Long NR has developed and implemented management plans in five-year period such as Operational Management Plan (OMP), Sustainable Conservation and Development Planning, and Annual Operational Plan. The planning process has consulted relevant stakeholders particularlly the local community, used the information about socio-economic conditions and real situation in most conformity.

The design of Van Long NR and development of management plans are suitable with conservation needs for Van Long natural values. The conservation priorities were identified such as limestone ecosystem, wetland ecosystem, Delacour langur population and migrated water birds. The ecosystems and population of Delacour langur are protected through the programs of the government as well as national and international organizations. Conservation and protection activities have generated job opportunities for local communities, improved local livelihood through eco-tourism and local participation in forest management and protection. However, till now, the expansion of the Nature Reserve is needed to preserve the integrity of biodiversity values and ecosystem services. The efforts regarding expansion of the Nature Reserve include the establishment of Kim Bang Nature Reserve (Nam Ha) and  support to patrol for protection of Delacour langur in Dong Tam (Hoa Binh).