Mangrove custodial association members are trained as guides for ecotourism activities as a possible alternative source of income. Visitors learn about locals’ regular activities such as fishing, catching crabs or collecting molluscs. They are then given the experience of preparing and consuming the mangrove’s bounty.

Restoration measures – including the reforestation of degraded mangrove areas with native species, the restoration of hydrological conditions and the removal of invasive exotic species – are implemented and the effects of these efforts continuously monitored.

Vessel Monitoring Systems (GPS) across the fleet Electronic Monitoring (EM) on the trawl fleet, designed and voluntary agreed to by fishers.

Unlike Social Marketing, the Technical Assistance (TA) is based on more personal interactions with the fishers at the fishing group level (cooperatives or associations) or at the individual fisher level. This allows the issues to be addressed with more detail and depth, although larger groups of people are not reached. The overarching goal is to promote fishers´ support for conservation actions (e.g., creation of FRZ, adoption of sustainable fishing practices). Technical assistance tools are targeted towards building capacity in coastal communities and removing technical barriers, emphasizing leadership among fishers to improve the management of fisheries resources. Examples of technical assistance activities include one-on-one conversations, fishing trips, fisher exchanges among sites, formal training in specific fishing methods through workshops and courses, informal training, meetings with the authorities, follow-up with administrative and legal processes (e.g., fishing concession/permit renewal) and providing organizational materials (e.g., file cabinets, blackboards, etc.).

Networking and linking up with other organisations to support fishers’ initiatives.

The Israel Marine Plan’s basic approach emphasizes that the marine space is essentially (ultimately) public. It aspires to view the different interests of all the stakeholders fairly and guarantee the provision of its ecosystem services over time. Through its goals, the plan offers way for informed and responsible management of the sea, applying an overall ecological approach. It aims to develop marine knowledge, to improve public awareness of what exists in the marine space, and to shape the way it is depicted spatially. Stakeholders are actively involved in the planning process and accompanied by local and international professional scientific advisory committees. The planning process is supported by the use of the interactive GIS tool that helps to visualize resource use, potential conflicts, and management scenarios and thus enables comprehensive planning.

Marine turtles, coral reefs and the pelagic ecosystem have been the conservation targets prioritized in Gorgona NP. The corresponding adaptation measures are being implemented, always taking into account local stakeholders’ participation, encouraging a capacity building process for the PA staff and providing the best information about a changing environment including possible scenarios for the area. Because adaptation strategies are integrated as part of the pre-existing management strategies of the PA, they are also in the “loop” of monitoring and effectiveness assessment.

Stakeholders (fishers, surveillance, MPA managers, processor of seafood, NGOs) are trained to respond to accidental capture.

Management plan drafted, discussed with government officials, and expeditiously implemented. Zoning dedicated largest portion of habitat as no-entry area, but also a peripheral portion of area to swimmer visits. Swimmers organised in groups of ≤10 with a certified guide. Maximum number of visitors/day established. 

Coral nursery and coral propagation projects are implemented to reduce the time of recruitment and growth and to mitigate anthropogenic and naturally induced impacts. This helps to increase the diversity of coral species and overall coral cover, as well as the variety and abundance of fish and other reef-associated organisms.