Develop, discuss and evaluate PA management recommendations
Recommendations from the preparatory steps of the Convention-Check are given to the management agency, then are evaluated after an appropriate period of time, to assess their impact and largely address management effectiveness. Steps in this building block include assessing and quantifying the number of changes of measures/activities on management, administrative and legislative levels, assessing the causality between recommendations and evaluating the quantified changes in a qualitative way. Recommendations are provided to administrative and legislative bodies as well as to the PA in particular. Recommendations concern changes in legislation, administrative regulations as well as in particular in practical management decisions. One recommendation was for example to work on bats and now these species are among the flagship species of the park.
Working closely with relevant organizations and societies such as the Thaya Valley National Park Society offers a productive way to assess relevant changes.
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Mangrove reforestation
Shrimp farmers are obligated to develop and implement a mangrove reforestation plan within their production area; they pay community members, often women, to garden the mangroves, including re-planting.
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Documenting and sharing the success story
This building block focuses on documenting and disseminating results so that the experience can be captured and replicated elsewhere. Sharing and disseminating successful project results can encourage other interested parties to conduct site visits to observe the project first hand and meet the people involved. This kind of peer to peer learning can often be the first step towards replication. Documentation can also be used as a powerful advocacy tool to create leverage for greater commitment to waste management policies at regional and national scales. Documentation can be in many different formats ranging from a brief project summary or personal testimonies from the people involved, to powerful images that show the project in action or short film clips that can be embedded in websites and shared on social media etc. The greater variety of visual documentation the project has, the greater influence it can have on decision making processes related to waste management (or any other issue of concern). Documentation of results also plays an important role in the review and evaluation phase so that project leaders can identify the contribution of each building block to the overall outcome.
Ability to document project results in a visually appealing way, access to dissemination pathways.
One of the most powerful media for sharing results is through personal testimonies on film. However, this can be expensive if done through a professional media house. However, there is plenty of free, online digital editing software available that can be used to produce a film clip ‘in-house’ for a fraction of the cost.
Community-based tourism: economic incentive for conservation
After initial assessments to determine what could be the most appropriate livelihood activities that would further encourage conservation action in the landscape, the Community-Based Tourism (CBT) plan was developed and the community was trained to run the programme. The CBT programme comprises promotion of home-stay units, home restaurants for food, a cultural group to showcase Monpa art and culture, organized treks through the conserved areas and provision of trained service providers (guides, managers, cooks, porters, etc) to support all of these. The community has sought to include as many families as possible in the programme so as to ensure spread of programme benefits. The CBT in Thembang, one of the project villages, is now in its seventh year with revenues increasing four-fold since inception, amounting to 23,000 USD as of March 31, 2015. The CBT was successfully replicated in other project villages based on biodiversity values. In similar line, WWF-India is also diversifying income generation activities to other forms of rural enterprises for conservation impacts. Recently, it facilitated the process to establish a unit to manufacture Tibetan incense stick with available forest resources in Pangchen valley.
Baseline information is collected on various parameters including family income and energy usage to decide suitable activities. The baseline report also helps to assess our intervention impacts and • Awareness/ conservation education programmes for larger community to enable a thorough understanding of what CBT entails. • Community willingness to actively participate, acquire the knowhow and implement the required actions. • Unique selling points in terms of cultural and biodiversity values to attract people for the CBT model to be sustainable.
A detailed participatory assessment is very crucial in the implementation of any income generating activities (IGAs). The IGAs should be developed jointly with community members rather than in a “top down approach” and encourage communities to take up activities they are familiar with. We encouraged IGAs that have direct linkages with the nature conservation and culture. Participatory planning and ensuring people’s participation is very important in livelihood interventions. For conservation impacts, there should be a direct link between nature conservation and livelihood initiative. There are some economic incentive programmes that have been successful in raising per capita income of the community, but have had very little conservation impact, or sometimes conservation status even deteriorates. Therefore, identification of a proper set of IGA and enabling people’s participation is the key of success.
Monitoring and evaluation
Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) are vital components of every Pride campaign, without which assessment of the effectiveness of the intervention cannot be conducted. M&E takes place in every component of the Theory of Change (please refer to the building block 'Theory of Change' for a brief description of each component). Monitoring keeps score on how effectively capacities are built, how effectively social marketing efforts lead to changes in behavior, and if those behavior changes lead to desired conservation outcomes. Monitoring basically tracks every component of the ToC. M&E of knowledge, attitude, interpersonal communications and behavior change is based on pre and post campaign surveys of the fishers, while threat reduction and conservation results use specific protocols validated by experts.
• Having a local monitoring partner or consultant is key to develop timely baseline data and monitor threat reduction and conservation results. • As with any project or program, having adequate and sufficient funding is key. Teams may rely on existing human, equipment, facilities, and financial capacities to reduce costs. • Sites with long term tradition of monitoring are better suited to produce a solid baseline of biological monitoring indicators.
An important lesson related to biological monitoring is when there is the possibility of having a two person team for each campaign, a Campaign Manager (CM) and a Fisheries Fellow (FF). This arrangement allows for one person to concentrate on the fisheries technical aspects, including the necessary time for biological monitoring. The level of involvement of the FF in the monitoring component depends on his/her personal inclination towards science. There are examples where the FF devoted a considerable amount of time and effort to conducting monitoring and analyzing data, while others did not participate at all. This could improve with a clearer definition of the FF’s role in regards to biological monitoring. Having a person dedicated to monitoring in Rare’s team ensured all fisheries campaigns had baseline and post campaign impact data.
Technology transfer
An alliance between General Community Council Los Riscales, MarViva Foundation and Laboratorio Accionar Foundation allowed the establishment of the Collective Communication. The aim of the Collective is to transform social practices, strengthen local governance processes and to build participatory scenarios of political advocacy. Through announcements in the communities, a group of "monitors" responsible for performing the communication tasks was chosen. In the process of transfer of community communication techniques and capacity building for young people, it was crucial to facilitate self-teaching attitude and the ability to generate own projects and content. The Collective was also provided with basic equipment, such as inexpensive cameras for video photography, audio recorders and computers. Through mobile laboratories in community radio and video communication, the Collective was trained in content development and equipment handling techniques. Each community chose the topics they wanted to work with, according to the interests and priorities in each community. The members of the Collective have had, since then, the possibility to practice, explore and produce autonomously their own content.
The existence of a media vacuum in the region ensured the success of the initiative. Being able to perform activities with low-cost and easy-to-handle equipment provided young people with the means to create audiovisual products. Focusing on issues relevant to each community and not on general topics of national importance allowed rapid identification of communities with the products.
Collective communication techniques are easily incorporated by young people from the communities. Inexpensive audio-visual equipment is very effective in generating information of interest to the communities. Content should focus on issues in which each community is interested. This ensures greater participation and commitment. The generation of videos and radio programs allows communities to influence policy decisions on management of marine resources in their region. Collective communication processes consolidated social leadership within communities.
Stakeholder coordination structure
A supervisory structure was established to facilitate the coordination between the stakeholders and the overall coherence of the process. Its members work in cooperation and join forces, and each one brings its own specialization. An international organization (in this case, IUCN) supported this initiative by preparing project documents, seeking donor funding and providing technical and administrative support. With the presence of government and non-government members side by side, it is possible to influence mangrove and small-scale fisheries conservation policies.
A coordination and dialogue structure allows the creation of a coherent coalition around a common program. This coalition defines intervention priorities and common goals. As they collaborate, their work goes in the same direction and enhances the influence of their actions and advocacy.
When working towards common goals, it is necessary to allow great flexibility to the partners’ intervention methods so that they can express their own vision. The quality of the participation and program adherence of the stakeholders depend largely on the quality and quantity of resources provided by the coordinating agency. International conservation organizations should not seek to own projects but rather develop them for the benefit of national agencies.
Characterisation of ecosystem services
Stakeholders, including government and local communities, are engaged in the early design stage of the development of an Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan. Up-to-date datasets on ecosystem services are identified as critical given their relevance for the Placencia Peninsula region’s economic stability and growth (coastal protection, spiny lobster fisheries, marine tourism and recreation, and carbon storage and sequestration). Data was collected and included within the Natural Capital’s Marine Invest analysis tool in order to carry out ecosystem service valuation.
• Availability of funds and technical know-how to undertake the project • Good understanding of existing problems and potential management options • Easy access to relevant information/datasets to undertake the analysis
A good quantitative understanding of the services provided by the targeted natural ecosystems is needed. As such, access to robust and recent datasets is a prerequisite to help inform effective analysis. Consultation is critical to this work and was braided throughout each step of the project. Stakeholders also included representatives from civil society, government and academia. Their feedback was instrumental in guiding the methodological design and data collection. The scope and timeframe of the study did not allow for extensive engagement of local communities on the Placencia Peninsula; however, the project benefited from the results of other related research to obtain insight on communities’ and private sector’s thinking with respect to ecosystem service provision and climate vulnerability. We regard this as a valuable follow-up activity that should be considered to improve the process and disseminate results.
Mangrove management plan
Based on official fishing and environmental regulations such as periodic closures, bans and minimum sizes, the management plan contains a detailed programme for resource use, control and surveillance and monitoring and evaluation. Every illegal activity is reported to the overseeing government body.
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Social marketing (SM)
Social marketing (SM) uses commercial marketing methods and tools (e.g. diffusion of innovations, behavior-change-focused communication channels and messages, community mobilization) to promote a voluntary behavior change in a target audience, that benefits society as well as the target group. For a Pride campaign, social marketing is an integral component to promote community stewardship of their resources. Creating a clear, consistent and positive identity (i.e., a brand) around the conservation/management of their resources that resonates with community perceptions, values and traditions regarding these resources helps boost community buy in. This brand is linked to a clear request (e.g., what do you want your target audience to do when it comes to sustainable management of their resources), both of which will be underlined and repeated throughout campaign activities (e.g. community events, media outreach) and promotional materials (e.g., posters, booklets, flyers, wall paintings, props, text messages) that form part of the social marketing strategy.
• Adequate size of target audience for (100+). • Determining clear audience behavior changes that lead to conservation goals. • Well designed, planned, executed and analyzed formative research that elucidate conditions of behavior changes. Defining audience characteristics. Clearly define how ready your audience is to adopt new behavior. Tailor communication channels, activities and messages. Involve audience and key stakeholders in design and implementation of marketing strategy increase ownership/stewardship Willingness of implementing partner to adopt SM tools
Campaigns that best follow these ‘steps’ (i.e. enabling factors), developed activities, messages and choose media channels that are relevant to their audience characteristics and stage of behavior change. These well-developed social marketing strategies have proven to accelerate the adoption of sustainable practices by the target audience, through creating community support, buy in of audience’s trusted sources and key influencers, as well as clear, focused and concise messaging through marketing materials and the media.