The Local Agricultural Research Committee

The Comité de Investigación Agropecuaria Local (CIAL) was established in 2000 and its members were chosen at a community assembly. The criteria established by the community members themselves to choose the local researchers were based on certain characteristics such as being observant, committed, responsible and punctual. The CIAL began with 16 members, both men and women. Its creation was based on the principles of Participatory Action Research (PAR). The CIAL and the IM initially carried out participatory research between 1999 and 2001 to recover pastures for cattle, starting with one hectare ceded by the community for this purpose and ending with 10 hectares thanks to the growing interest of the community members.

In 2010 the CIAL was reactivated with 24 members to carry out research under the name "Good Pasture, Good Water". In 2014 the CIAL was institutionalized in the community, being part of its organizational chart as one of its specialized committees and being included in the community's internal regulations. It is a very active committee, which is in permanent dialogue with its directors and with the entire assembly to report the progress of the research and its proposals, so that they can have the support for the necessary work through the communal tasks.

  • The commitment of its members (although some young people had to withdraw due to other obligations).
  • The support and backing of its community leaders.
  • The community's level of governance, which is reflected in: (i) its level of planning, the community prepared its Community Development Plan; (ii) the institutionalization of the CIAL in the community's organizational chart and internal regulations; and (iii) the management capacity of the community leaders, who obtained external support (e.g., heavy machinery) to implement the actions.
  • The process of institutionalizing the committee took much longer than anticipated, from its constitution in 2000 to its recognition in the statute as technical advisors to the community on pasture and water issues.

  • Empowerment and capacity building of committee members in the use of water quality monitoring equipment and data interpretation was key.

  • The initiative responded to a priority need of the community itself, namely water, responding to problems they have had since 1970. As mentioned by CIAL members, "we were always asking ourselves and other institutions why the color of the water and the smell and taste had changed and no one would give us an answer, until we were able to understand and improve the quality of our water" (Vicente Salvador).

  • It is necessary to prepare alternate representatives for the committee, since it demands a lot of time dedication, so some very empowered members left the committee due to their other obligations.

Outdoor Education Opportunities

One of the focus points for the development of the Treverton Wildlife Area was to create opportunities for Outdoor Education. More and more research is pointing to the requirements to create opportunities for children, youth and adults to experience the outdoors. Focusing on the benefits to the people improves the motivation for the participation. Understanding the psychological, social, education and physical benefits of outdoor education to individuals allows for greater involvement and increased utilization by educators and the educational institution. The outdoor education facility allowed for the outdoor activities to be conducted (camping, hiking, picnicking, action based projects, exercising, educational projects, solitaire, etc.).   These outdoor educational opportunities, activities and projects were and are not the only outcomes achieved.  The outdoor education projects are planned with the specific intension of either improving the biodiversity or at the least not impacting on the biodiversity.

Explanations, backed with research findings, of the significant benefits of outdoor events, projects and activities encourages participation which in-turn facilitates the biodiversity related projects. It is imperative that appropriate planning prior to an event or educational programme is conducted.  This must include a risk analysis and procedures.  Information on these should be fed to the participants.  The more a programme/project is conducted the more the project can be duplicated for the benefit of biodiversity.

It takes time for some people in the 'chain' to comprehend the concepts presented and to understand the advantages of Outdoor Education projects.  For example, understanding how the outdoor activities have significant benefit to individuals who can then have an impact on the biodiversity by conducting specific projects in the protected area.  

Once one leader in a community of practice 'buys' into the concept, others will follow.  Once a project has been conducted and the advantages 'advertised' to others then the knock-on benefit is seen when the next project is developed. Reducing the barriers to participation is important.  This might include time allocation to the projects, transport availability and extra adult supervision where required.  Conducting a comprehensive Activity Risk Assessment and development of Protocols with Control Measures for Outdoor Education projects assists with the planning process removing some of the barriers to having learners participate in activities outdoors.

Resilience

A food forest is designed to be resilient towards environmental change in order to fulfill the goal of being sustainable. Resilience stresses the ability to 1) sustain the community when no external resource is accessible and 2) recover from disturbances such as climate change, destruction or vandalism.

 

The way resilience works is to a) maximize autonomy in water, nutrients, energy, and food and b) keep the environment and people healthy. The Beacon Food Forest is equipped with a rainwater collector and compost bins to store water and generate nutrients from onsite organic matters such as leaf litter, branches, and green manures. Although we do not have solar panels or wind turbines, our energy lies within the community who contributes their manpower. With the above, we can slowly accomplish food autonomy and sustain the local community.

 

Keeping the environment and people healthy is the key to allow for quick recovery. The Beacon Food Forest practices permaculture gardening to keep chemicals out of the land and the land productive at any time so that when faced with destructive events, plants may grow back within the shortest time frame.

1. Water autonomy using rainwater collector.

2. Nutrient autonomy using compost bins to compost onsite organic matter.

3. Make the plants collaborate and help each other through companion planting and tree guilds.

4. Maintain an active group of volunteers of all ages to ensure sufficient manpower.

Luckily, we have not experienced any destructive events that may test our resilience. Nevertheless, as the Beacon Food Forest is open to harvest by anyone who has the need, we were sometimes faced with similar situations, such as all ripe fruits of a tree gone in a single night. Although we have been educating ourselves that all harvest belongs to the public, most people still felt upset in such situations. Yet, people have also learned to mentally detach themselves from the harvest to minimize their sense of loss, knowing that the fruits would grow as long as the tree is alive. We happily see this as a realization of resilience.

 

It takes time for a food forest to mature and become fully resilient. As of 2018, we still rely partially on municipal water due to the insufficiency amount of rainwater collected. The full design map of the Beacon Food Forest is 7-acres large and we have only developed 2 acres. We hope that by developing the full 7-acres, we may raise our percentage of food autonomy to at least 5%, which would probably be more than that of any large city in the U.S.

Mainstreaming integrative forest management

For the successful application of the approach, sustainable and integrative forest management needs not only to be piloted and practiced on the ground but also integrated into national strategies, development plans, and long-term forest management planning and monitoring. Consequently, it is equally important to work with forest tenants on the local level as to mainstream the approach on the national level.

The Join Forest Management approach has been anchored in the Forest Code of Tajikistan in 2011. This builds the legal basis of the implementation and accelerates the further dissemination to other parts of the country. Since 2016, a more integrative forest management is practiced for which an inter-sectoral dialogue has been established. This inter-sectoral dialogue facilitates to address environmental, economic and social challenges beyond the mandate of the forest agency. Forest monitoring and management planning are being strengthened through support to the forest inspection unit. Only if a forest management planning system and a forest monitoring structure are in place, an approach such as the integrative forest approach can be out scaled throughout the country and mismanagement, corruption, and wide-scale violations of regulations (e.g. grazing on forest plots) prevented. 

The JFM approach follows a multilevel approach, targeting national, regional and local level which has proven to be necessary and consequently successful.

A theoretically sound solution can only be as good in practice as its underlying management planning and monitoring system as well as its political support.

Landscape perspective

By applying a landscape perspective to forest management, the ecosystem as a whole is considered. For this solution, a special focus has been given to biodiversity, climate change adaptation, and pasture management.

A diverse forest plot has multiple benefits for the forest tenant. Firstly, the tenant has a diverse harvest which contributes to food and nutation security. Secondly, species diversity reduces the risk of pests and increases the soil fertility. Thirdly, diverse forests provide a habitat for pollinators, which are crucial for fruit and nut trees.

Tajikistan is prone to disasters, further reinforced by overharvested natural resources and climate change having fierce impacts. Landslides and droughts are common phenomena but the frequency and intensity have increased significantly. Forest cover on slopes and along river banks are an important adaptation and disaster risk reduction strategy.

Further, livestock is frequently grazing on forest areas, as pastures are scarce and the limited land available overused and degraded. Forest grazing reduces ground cover, impedes the root system, and hinders natural forest regeneration. Therefore, grazing must be addressed together with the forest tenants and solutions identified that go beyond the prohibition of grazing in forests.

By applying a landscape perspective, a multitude of problems, difficulties, and risks to the community can be addressed. Consequently, the approach has gained in acceptance by the local communities as it takes environmental, economic and social challenges into account.

The experience has shown that political land delineations often do not correspond with ecosystem boundaries. Areas, assigned for re- and afforestation, do usually not cover a whole ecosystem but are part of a bigger ecosystem with which the forest area interacts and shares resources. Consequently, forest management needs to consider implications by and interactions with the wider ecosystem the forest plot is part of. As various land use types and land use rights interact in one ecosystem for which different ministerial bodies are responsible, the establishment of an inter-sectoral dialogue to foster coordination and cooperation of all involved actors at landscape level has proven to be successful. Within the JFM implementation in Tajikistan, a bi-annual exchange has been established, where practitioners, relevant ministries and local as well as international organizations exchange. This exchange platform is not only appreciated by partners but also helped to include the landscape perspective. Therefore, an exchange platform is highly recommendable. 

Joint Forest Management (JFM) approach

Joint Forest Management (JFM) is a participatory forest management approach that allows the local population – either individuals or groups – to become involved in forest management and support the rehabilitation of degraded natural forests over the long term. These individuals sign a contract for the land use rights with the State Forest Enterprises for a period of 20 years, with the possibility for prolongation. This encourages the tenants to sustainably manage and rehabilitate their forest plot of usually 1-2 ha in size. In addition to the contract, management and annual plans serve as tools for forest management planning and for the monitoring of activities and results. They are developed jointly by the State Forest Enterprises and the respective tenant for each individual plot. Typical tasks specified in the annual plan are measures to protect the plot from livestock grazing, planting of trees, harvesting and pruning. Further, the annual plan specifies the harvest shares of the State Forest Enterprises and the forest tenant according to a fair sharing principle defined in the contract. The management plan, developed, for a 5 year period, specifies long-term goals, such as the installation of an irrigation channel or the diversification of the forest plot. 

While land use rights in Tajikistan are typically given for a short period (usually for one single season), the 20-year contract with the State Forest Enterprises enables the tenant to develop a long-term forest management plan. The joint forest management approach has been first introduced in Tajikistan in 2006 and ever since gained in reputation. In 2011, the approach was formalized and anchored in the national forest code.

The experience has shown that for the introduction of JFM the support by external facilitators (e.g. field staff or a local NGO) is indispensable. Both contracting parties, forest tenant and State Forest Enterprise, need to have a clear understanding of their rights, rules, and obligations. Therefore, it is highly recommended to have experienced and skilled facilitators present in the field, who have a sound understanding of the approach and of the local context. Further, the facilitators need to guide the tenants as well as the staff of the State Forest Enterprises through the process of selecting a forest area, introducing the approach to the communities, selecting forest tenants, delineating the individual plots, concluding the contract, and developing the annual- and management plans. Further, the establishment of forest tenant groups has proven to be successful, especially since, in Tajikistan, community groups are relatively common. Jointly, the forest tenants perform activities such as harvesting, pruning or fencing.

Technical capacity building for farmers

The development of technical capabilities was based on the transfer of knowledge coupled with the direct application of the new practices transferred to the beneficiary farmers in pilot areas of their farms. On a rotating and regular basis, farmers from the same area met at the farm of a volunteer farmer to attend explanations and demonstrations of the practices by the expert. The participatory methodologies encouraged the exchange among the farmers, opening up space for their own experiences and knowledge. At the same time, the technician periodically visited each farmer's production unit to correct mistaken implementations, ensure compliance with the farmer's commitments, and open space for specific questions. The training plan included four basic silvopastoral practices (pasture division, improved pastures, fodder bank, live fences) and three complementary practices (silage, haymaking, nutritional blocks). The implementation of the practices was carried out throughout the year according to weather conditions. In addition, the expert taught the farmers hygiene practices in order to improve their ability to market their milk.

  • Motivated and qualified technician, with strong support from his manager, who establishes transparent and trusting relationships with farmers
  • Reasonable duration of the capacity building process, allowing to face together (expert-farmer) doubts and setbacks. In this case it was 7 years.
  • Seed capital for a pilot area, since the establishment of innovations requires significant investments.
  • Exchange tour to livestock farms, where the implementation of the practices already proved successful, had a motivating effect.
  • The implementation of the different environmentally friendly livestock practices in a small pilot area during the first year allowed the farmer to gain experience before progressively expanding the area of application.
  • A homogeneous group of members, with the same degree of adoption of silvopastoral practices, facilitated the transfer of knowledge compared to working with heterogeneous groups.
  • The number of follow-up visits made to the same production unit did not determine the quality of the implementation of the different practices. The key was the relationship of trust and transparency between the farmer and the expert, as well as the availability of the latter.
  • In the visits to the farms, it was key that the silvopastoral expert provided effective support, responding professionally and adequately to doubts. This also strengthened the bond of trust between the expert and the farmer.
Proclamation of no-take marine protected area

Recognising the value of Aldabra Atoll’s terrestrial and marine ecosystems, Aldabra was declared a special reserve in 1981 by the Seychelles government. Later on, due to its outstanding universal values, Aldabra was proclaimed a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1982. This meant that there was no extraction of the resources, no destruction of habitat and legal protection of the marine protected area. This legislative and legal framework provides the basis and support for protection of Aldabra and its biodiversity. Since then, green turtle nesting habitat have therefore been protected from development and destruction and green turtles on Aldabra, on land and in the sea, have been protected against poaching. In 2018, the marine protected area around Aldabra has been extended and covers now the whole Aldabra group inclusive Cosmoledo, Astove and Assumption. This represents an increased by 74,400 square kilometres of waters in this area, further strengthening the legal protection of the nesting habitat in Seychelles’ Outer islands.

Science-based evidence on the conservation value of a site is necessary for the nomination of a protected area. In early 1970s ecological assessments were carried out by scientist from the Royal Society of London. SIF was established in 1979 as management authority to manage Aldabra. Following this, the Seychelles government declared Aldabra a special reserve in 1981.

Following collection of ample scientific evidence on its ecological value and with a fully operational management body, Aldabra was successful in its nomination to UNESCO as a world heritage site. The initial ecological assessments now form valuable baselines enabling the continuity of ecological monitoring of Aldabra Atoll.

Development of technical capabilities

The development of technical capacities with small producers for the establishment and management of agroforestry systems was carried out by coupling knowledge transfer with practical application by each producer in his pilot plot. The application of the practices was supported and accompanied by seed capital for each farmer. In farmer field schools, the technician taught theoretical and practical modules in a language suitable for all participants. He also promoted the exchange of knowledge among producers. For certain topics - gender equity, post-harvest management, etc. - specialized experts intervened. - specialized experts intervened. At the same time, the technician regularly visited the farmer in his pilot plot, thus creating space and trust for specific questions, and allowing the correction of wrong implementations. In order to maintain motivation in the group and encourage peer-to-peer exchange, several experience-sharing tours were organized to the countries of the Trifinio Region. Particularly empowered producers participated in training to become community agricultural promoters. These producers are now acting as technical assistants in their communities, and are disseminating good agricultural practices on a larger scale.

  • Motivated technicians, strongly supported by their manager, who established a transparent and trusting relationship with the communities.
  • Community leaders willing to set an example and support change.
  • Involvement of the whole family in the trainings
  • Reasonable duration of the capacity building process, which allowed us to face together (technician-producers) doubts and setbacks. Here there were 8 years of technical assistance.
  • Seed capital to establish pilot plots, since it requires a significant initial investment.
  • The generation of soil data with the active participation of low-income communities with a low level of formal education was possible, and had positive effects on their self-esteem and awareness of environmental issues.
  • From the beginning, it was important to consider mechanisms for dissemination, replication and anchoring of knowledge in order to ensure the permanence of knowledge and a scaling up of its application in the territory (e.g., community agricultural promoters).
  • Tri-national experience exchange tours in the Trifinio fostered direct dialogue among peers, giving participants confidence in their ability to undertake change.
  • The transparent and participatory definition of framework conditions, such as maximum pilot area per farmer, investment required and support provided, required special care. Agreements with each farmer were recorded in a farm plan to avoid misunderstandings.
NGOs initiatives turning into Regional Action

The Declaration of REDPARQUES was proposed by the SNACC project team in the Frebruary 2015 directive committee meeting of the Project, composed by REDPARQUES members of Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. It was adopted by REDPARQUES and later approved by its members at REDPARQUES annual meeting (2015) and presented at the UNFCCC 21st COP, in Paris, December 2015.

 

From then owards, the initiative of the Declaration was led by REDPARQUES with the technical support of the SNACC project in the areas of policy incidence, communications and scientific evidence.

 

-Policy component: political advocacy at the regional and national levels started with the establishment of a baseline on progress achieved by Amazon countries in integrating PAs and CC in their policy instruments. Through the publication "Políticas públicas de los países amazónicos y cambio climático. APs como estrategia de adaptación", public policies, laws, agreements and regulations (national, subnational and regional) were analized.

 

-Communications: several materials were produced around the issue of PAs as natural solutions to CC.

 

-Scientific evidence: a publication was produced, identifying the role that Amazon PAs play in increasing resilience of the Amazon biome: "Vulnerability and Climate Risk Analysis of the Amazon and its PAs"

-Funding from the the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) of Germany

-Participation of NGOs: WWF Living Amazon Initiative (LAI)

-The status of CC-related policies in the Amazon countries (Colombia, Ecuador and Peru) and degree of integration of PAs in these policies.

 

-Limiting factors, in terms of territories, institutions, capacities and instruments for those CC-related policies.

 

-Recommendations, specifying opportunities for short-term actions.

 

-Policy analysis can contribute to determine gaps and action required in order to attend climate change, and to make evidence the role of protected areas as natural solutions to this phenomenon.